Abstract
Nitrogen (N) addition is commonly employed to enhance wheat production, and the effectiveness is strongly influenced by site-specific factors encompassing environmental conditions and crop management practices. However, the current understanding fails to adequately account for the intricate and variable interactions among these factors. Consequently, we conducted a global meta-analysis to quantify the combined contributions of these factors to wheat yield, grain protein content (GPC), and water productivity (WP) and provide recommendations for optimizing N management. The results revealed a significant improvement in grain yield (14.85%), GPC (6.62%), and WP (10.79%) following the application of N. Moreover, higher N addition rates, the utilization of coated N fertilizer, post-anthesis fertilization, and multiple N applications exhibited enhanced outcomes in terms of yield, GPC, and WP in wheat systems. It was observed that applying 100–200 kg/ha of N was the optimal rate for maximizing yield, GPC, and WP. Medium soil texture and humid climate conditions showed a more pronounced increase in yield in response to N addition. Additionally, wheat yield demonstrated a stronger response to N addition benefits when the annual temperature was below 14 °C, while GPC showed a higher increase with temperatures exceeding 14 °C. Furthermore, adopting common N fertilization practices alongside irrigation and implementing pre-anthesis N addition in medium soil texture and humid climate conditions also contributed to achieving optimal wheat performance. The finding of this study serves as a guideline to support on-site N addition practice for wheat and to offer a reference to N management policy design across specific site conditions.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased wheat grain yield by 14.85%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“a significant improvement in grain yield (14.85%), GPC (6.62%), and WP (10.79%) following the application of N.”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased grain protein content by 6.62%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“a significant improvement in grain yield (14.85%), GPC (6.62%), and WP (10.79%) following the application of N.”
Claim · model-written summary
N addition increased water productivity by 10.79%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“a significant improvement in grain yield (14.85%), GPC (6.62%), and WP (10.79%) following the application of N.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher N rates improved yield, protein and water productivity.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- higher N addition ratese0
- Outcome
- yield, GPC, and WPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N addition rates, the utilization of coated N fertilizer, post-anthesis fertilization, and multiple N applications exhibited enhanced outcomes in terms of yield, GPC, and WP in wheat systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Coated N fertilizer improved yield, protein and water productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- coated N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- yield, GPC, and WPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N addition rates, the utilization of coated N fertilizer, post-anthesis fertilization, and multiple N applications exhibited enhanced outcomes in terms of yield, GPC, and WP in wheat systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-anthesis fertilization improved yield, protein and water productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- post-anthesis fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- yield, GPC, and WPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N addition rates, the utilization of coated N fertilizer, post-anthesis fertilization, and multiple N applications exhibited enhanced outcomes in terms of yield, GPC, and WP in wheat systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple N applications improved yield, protein and water productivity.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- multiple N applicationse0
- Outcome
- yield, GPC, and WPe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher N addition rates, the utilization of coated N fertilizer, post-anthesis fertilization, and multiple N applications exhibited enhanced outcomes in terms of yield, GPC, and WP in wheat systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimal nitrogen rate was 100–200 kg/ha for yield, protein and water productivity.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“applying 100–200 kg/ha of N was the optimal rate for maximizing yield, GPC, and WP.”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium soil texture increased the yield response to N.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Medium soil texture and humid climate conditions showed a more pronounced increase in yield in response to N addition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Humid climate increased the yield response to N.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Medium soil texture and humid climate conditions showed a more pronounced increase in yield in response to N addition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield responded more to N where annual temperature was below 14 °C.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- N additione0
- Outcome
- wheat yielde0
- Direction
- stronger responsee0
- Qualifier
- below 14 °Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat yield demonstrated a stronger response to N addition benefits when the annual temperature was below 14 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain protein content increased more with N above 14 °C.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“GPC showed a higher increase with temperatures exceeding 14 °C.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation alongside N fertilization contributed to optimal wheat performance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- common N fertilization practices alongside irrigatione0
- Outcome
- optimal wheat performancee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adopting common N fertilization practices alongside irrigation and implementing pre-anthesis N addition in medium soil texture and humid climate conditions also contributed to achieving optimal wheat performance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-anthesis N in medium soils and humid climates contributed to optimal wheat performance.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- pre-anthesis N additione0
- Outcome
- optimal wheat performancee0
- Setting
- medium soil texture and humid climate conditionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adopting common N fertilization practices alongside irrigation and implementing pre-anthesis N addition in medium soil texture and humid climate conditions also contributed to achieving optimal wheat performance.”
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