Abstract
Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth, inhibiting the rhizobia nitrogenase and soybean protein synthesis. This study assessed the impact of sulfur fertilization and rhizobia inoculation on soybean growth and nitrogen fixation through bacterial culture and hydroponic experiments. We selected three rhizobia strains for bacterial cultures and used six sulfur levels. The test demonstrated severe inhibition of Rhizobium USDA110 growth without sulfur. In hydroponic experiment, we employed five sulfur levels with USDA110 as the inoculum strain. Soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, yield, and root morphology-related parameters, and root nodule growth, were significantly inhibited without sulfur. Following Rhizobium inoculation, low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM) stimulated early-stage (V9) root growth and increased shoot nitrogen accumulation, but inhibited root growth at R5 stage. Furthermore, Rhizobium inoculation notably enhanced soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yield, especially within the recommended low sulfur concentration range (0.15–0.30 mM). The maximum nodule nitrogenase activity at R5 stage and highest yield was recorded at a 0.3 mM sulfur concentration with Rhizobium inoculation, which was 9.51–1222.07% higher than other treatments. These findings highlight that low sulfur concentration and rhizobia inoculation enhance soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yield but reduce soybean root efficacy, increasing reliance on root nodules.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur-free growth significantly inhibited soybean growth, nitrogen fixation and yield.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- without sulfure1
- Outcome
- growth, nitrogen fixation, yielde1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, yield, and root morphology-related parameters, and root nodule growth, were significantly inhibited without sulfur”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur-free growth significantly inhibited root morphology-related parameters and root nodule growth.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- without sulfure1
- Outcome
- root morphology-related parameters, and root nodule growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, yield, and root morphology-related parameters, and root nodule growth, were significantly inhibited without sulfur”
Claim · model-written summary
Low sulfur (0.15–0.60 mM) with Rhizobium inoculation stimulated early-stage (V9) root growth in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- early-stage (V9)e2
- Treatment
- low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM)e2
- Outcome
- root growthe2
- Direction
- stimulatede2
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth”
e2“Following Rhizobium inoculation, low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM) stimulated early-stage (V9) root growth and increased shoot nitrogen accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Low sulfur with Rhizobium inoculation increased shoot nitrogen accumulation in soybean.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM)e2
- Outcome
- shoot nitrogen accumulatione2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth”
e2“Following Rhizobium inoculation, low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM) stimulated early-stage (V9) root growth and increased shoot nitrogen accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Low sulfur inhibited soybean root growth at the R5 stage after Rhizobium inoculation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R5 stagee3
- Treatment
- low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM)e2
- Outcome
- root growthe3
- Direction
- inhibitede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth”
e2“Following Rhizobium inoculation, low sulfur concentrations (0.15–0.60 mM) stimulated early-stage (V9) root growth”
e3“but inhibited root growth at R5 stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation enhanced soybean growth, nitrogen fixation and yield, especially at 0.15–0.30 mM sulfur.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe4
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione4
- Outcome
- soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yielde4
- Direction
- enhancede4
- Qualifier
- especially within the recommended low sulfur concentration range (0.15–0.30 mM)e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Furthermore, Rhizobium inoculation notably enhanced soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yield, especially within the recommended low sulfur concentration range (0.15–0.30 mM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule nitrogenase activity at the R5 stage was highest at 0.3 mM sulfur with Rhizobium inoculation, 9.51–1222.07% higher than other treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- R5 stagee5
- Treatment
- 0.3 mM sulfur concentratione5
- Outcome
- nodule nitrogenase activitye5
- Direction
- maximume5
- Value
- 9.51–1222.07%e5
- Comparator
- other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth”
e5“The maximum nodule nitrogenase activity at R5 stage and highest yield was recorded at a 0.3 mM sulfur concentration with Rhizobium inoculation, which was 9.51–1222.07% higher than other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield was highest at 0.3 mM sulfur with Rhizobium inoculation, 9.51–1222.07% higher than other treatments.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- 0.3 mM sulfur concentratione5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 9.51–1222.07%e5
- Comparator
- other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth”
e5“The maximum nodule nitrogenase activity at R5 stage and highest yield was recorded at a 0.3 mM sulfur concentration with Rhizobium inoculation, which was 9.51–1222.07% higher than other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Low sulfur with rhizobia inoculation reduces soybean root efficacy, increasing reliance on root nodules.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe6
- Treatment
- low sulfur concentration and rhizobia inoculatione6
- Outcome
- soybean root efficacye6
- Direction
- reducee6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“low sulfur concentration and rhizobia inoculation enhance soybean growth, nitrogen fixation, and yield but reduce soybean root efficacy, increasing reliance on root nodules”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe inhibition of Rhizobium USDA110 growth occurred without sulfur.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- without sulfure7
- Interactor
- Rhizobium USDA110e7symbiont
- Outcome
- Rhizobium USDA110 growthe7
- Direction
- inhibitione7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur deficiency severely limits soybean growth”
e7“The test demonstrated severe inhibition of Rhizobium USDA110 growth without sulfur”
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