Abstract
The mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water usage optimization in rice cultivation is challenging for many agricultural countries, including Thailand, who have set goals of reaching net zero emissions and coping with droughts caused by climate change. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and biochar application are possible practices for achieving cleaner rice production through reduction of GHG emissions and water consumption. However, these methods’ potential varies by site, especially in areas with limited control of water levels. This study assessed the effects of AWD at different drying levels (10, 15, and 20 cm below the soil surface) and rice straw biochar on GHG emissions, yield production, water use, soil characteristics, and economic aspects. This study was conducted over two rice cultivation seasons: a major season in 2022 and a second season in 2023 at a field in Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailand. Using AWD and biochar reduced annual GHG emissions by 48.2% and 8.01%, respectively. Deeper drying levels of AWD showed greater mitigation potential than shallow levels. The combination of AWD and biochar had additional potential for GHG mitigation, however, this impact did not show statistical change as compared to their separate potentials. The adoption of AWD and biochar could also maintain the amount of rice yield compared to traditional practice. All levels of AWD saved irrigation water consumption by an average of 16.8% per season; the highest potential was observed in AWD at 10 cm below the soil surface. Biochar improved soil health after two seasons by enhancing soil pH and organic carbon sequestration. The combination of AWD and biochar did not additionally augment the capacity in water saving of AWD or soil improvement of biochar. The AWD water regime also did not increase net profits, while biochar decreased net profits due to the required investment in biochar production. Using AWD is a feasible way to mitigate GHG emissions and save water without affecting rice productivity and net profits in northeastern Thailand.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced annual GHG emissions by 48.2% in rice cultivation in Thailand.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- annual GHG emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 48.2%e0
- Setting
- Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailande1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“Using AWD and biochar reduced annual GHG emissions by 48.2% and 8.01%, respectively”
e1“This study was conducted over two rice cultivation seasons: a major season in 2022 and a second season in 2023 at a field in Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailand”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced annual GHG emissions by 8.01% in rice cultivation in Thailand.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- annual GHG emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 8.01%e0
- Setting
- Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailande1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“Using AWD and biochar reduced annual GHG emissions by 48.2% and 8.01%, respectively”
e1“This study was conducted over two rice cultivation seasons: a major season in 2022 and a second season in 2023 at a field in Kalasin Province, northeastern Thailand”
Claim · model-written summary
Deeper AWD drying levels showed greater GHG mitigation potential than shallow levels.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- drying levels of AWDe0
- Outcome
- mitigation potentiale0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- shallow levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“Deeper drying levels of AWD showed greater mitigation potential than shallow levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of AWD and biochar gave no statistically significant additional GHG mitigation over their separate potentials.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combination of AWD and biochare0
- Outcome
- additional potential for GHG mitigatione0
- Direction
- did not show statistical changee0
- Comparator
- their separate potentialse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“The combination of AWD and biochar had additional potential for GHG mitigation, however, this impact did not show statistical change as compared to their separate potentials”
Claim · model-written summary
The adoption of AWD and biochar maintained the amount of rice yield compared with traditional practice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- adoption of AWD and biochare0
- Outcome
- amount of rice yielde0
- Direction
- maintaine0
- Comparator
- traditional practicee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The adoption of AWD and biochar could also maintain the amount of rice yield compared to traditional practice”
Claim · model-written summary
All levels of AWD saved irrigation water consumption by an average of 16.8% per season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- All levels of AWDe0
- Outcome
- irrigation water consumptione0
- Direction
- savede0
- Value
- 16.8%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“All levels of AWD saved irrigation water consumption by an average of 16.8% per season”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD at 10 cm below the soil surface showed the highest water-saving potential.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD at 10 cm below the soil surfacee0
- Outcome
- potentiale0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“the highest potential was observed in AWD at 10 cm below the soil surface”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved soil pH and organic carbon sequestration after two seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- soil pH and organic carbon sequestratione0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- after two seasonse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“Biochar improved soil health after two seasons by enhancing soil pH and organic carbon sequestration”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of AWD and biochar did not additionally increase water saving of AWD or soil improvement of biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- combination of AWD and biochare0
- Outcome
- capacity in water saving of AWD or soil improvement of biochare0
- Direction
- did not additionally augmente0
- Comparator
- AWDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“The combination of AWD and biochar did not additionally augment the capacity in water saving of AWD or soil improvement of biochar”
Claim · model-written summary
The AWD water regime did not increase net profits.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD water regimee0
- Outcome
- net profitse0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“The AWD water regime also did not increase net profits”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar decreased net profits because of the required investment in biochar production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- biochare0
- Outcome
- net profitse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- due to the required investment in biochar productione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice cultivation”
e0“biochar decreased net profits due to the required investment in biochar production”
Claim · model-written summary
Using AWD is a feasible way to mitigate GHG emissions and save water without reducing rice productivity or net profits in northeastern Thailand.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- a feasible way to mitigate GHG emissions and save watere0
- Setting
- northeastern Thailande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using AWD is a feasible way to mitigate GHG emissions and save water without affecting rice productivity and net profits in northeastern Thailand”
The same questions in other papers
biochar · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
22 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
21 papers more in this group
See all 25 papers →biochar · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
32 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
29 papers more in this group
See all 33 papers →biochar · soil: chemistry · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
43 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
42 papers more in this group
See all 46 papers →irrigation · molecular: metabolites · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 44 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
51 papers more in this group
See all 55 papers →irrigation · environment: emissions · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
108 papers in the same direction as this paper · 17 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- positive
123 papers more in this group
See all 127 papers →biochar · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
11 papers in the same direction as this paper · 135 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
143 papers more in this group
See all 147 papers →irrigation · physiology: water · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
349 papers in the same direction as this paper · 25 in the opposite direction · 5 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
376 papers more in this group
See all 380 papers →irrigation · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
264 papers in the same direction as this paper · 906 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1,167 papers more in this group
See all 1,171 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.