Abstract
Vietnam is the world's fifth largest rice producing country. Since methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas (GHG), emission from the rice cultivation accounts for 14.6% of the national anthropogenic GHG emission, developing and disseminating mitigation options are the urgent need. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is the irrigation technique, in which a paddy field encompasses several soil-drying phases during the growth period, thereby reducing the CH4 emission. However, field trials of the AWD's feasibility in Central Vietnam are limited so far. We therefore carried out a 3-year experiment in a farmer's field both in winter–spring season and summer–autumn season. CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were compared among the three treatments of water management: continuous flooding (CF), AWD, and site-specific AWD (AWDS) that changed the degree of soil drying depending on the growth stage. The total water use including irrigation and rainfall was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by AWD (by 15%) and AWDS (by 14%) compared to CF, but rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments. The seasonal cumulative CH4 emission was significantly reduced by AWD (26%) and AWDS (26%) compared to CF, whereas the seasonal cumulative N2O emission did not differ among treatments. The resultant global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2O under AWD and AWDS were 26% and 29% smaller than that under CF, respectively. The GWP of N2O was only 0.8% of the total GWP of CH4 + N2O. The yield-scaled GWP and water productivity (i.e., the ratio of grain yield to water use) were also improved by AWD and AWDS. No significant differences in the measured items between AWD and AWDS were attributed to similar variation patterns in the surface water level. The results confirm the AWD's performance as a mitigation option for paddy GHG emission in Central Vietnam.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced total water use by 15% relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- total water use including irrigation and rainfalle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total water use including irrigation and rainfall was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by AWD (by 15%) and AWDS (by 14%) compared to CF”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDS reduced total water use by 14% relative to continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDSe0
- Outcome
- total water use including irrigation and rainfalle0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total water use including irrigation and rainfall was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by AWD (by 15%) and AWDS (by 14%) compared to CF”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice grain yield did not differ among the three water management treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- three treatmentse0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- did not differe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced seasonal cumulative methane emission by 26% versus continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- seasonal cumulative CH4 emissione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seasonal cumulative CH4 emission was significantly reduced by AWD (26%) and AWDS (26%) compared to CF”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDS reduced seasonal cumulative methane emission by 26% versus continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDSe0
- Outcome
- seasonal cumulative CH4 emissione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seasonal cumulative CH4 emission was significantly reduced by AWD (26%) and AWDS (26%) compared to CF”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Seasonal cumulative nitrous oxide emissions did not differ among treatments.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Outcome
- seasonal cumulative N2O emissione0
- Direction
- did not differe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the seasonal cumulative N2O emission did not differ among treatments”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced combined greenhouse gas global warming potential by 26% versus continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2Oe0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The resultant global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2O under AWD and AWDS were 26% and 29% smaller than that under CF, respectively”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDS reduced combined greenhouse gas global warming potential by 29% versus continuous flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDSe0
- Outcome
- global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2Oe0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 29%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The resultant global warming potentials (GWPs) of CH4 and N2O under AWD and AWDS were 26% and 29% smaller than that under CF, respectively”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrous oxide contributed only 0.8% of total greenhouse gas global warming potential.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- GWP of N2Oe0
- Value
- 0.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The GWP of N2O was only 0.8% of the total GWP of CH4 + N2O”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD improved yield-scaled global warming potential.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- yield-scaled GWPe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield-scaled GWP and water productivity (i.e., the ratio of grain yield to water use) were also improved by AWD and AWDS”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDS improved yield-scaled global warming potential.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDSe0
- Outcome
- yield-scaled GWPe0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield-scaled GWP and water productivity (i.e., the ratio of grain yield to water use) were also improved by AWD and AWDS”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD improved water productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield-scaled GWP and water productivity (i.e., the ratio of grain yield to water use) were also improved by AWD and AWDS”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWDS improved water productivity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDSe0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield-scaled GWP and water productivity (i.e., the ratio of grain yield to water use) were also improved by AWD and AWDS”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD and AWDS did not significantly differ in measured items.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- measured itemse0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Comparator
- AWDSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences in the measured items between AWD and AWDS were attributed to similar variation patterns in the surface water level”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Similar surface water level patterns were proposed to explain the lack of differences between AWD and AWDS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- No significant differences in the measured itemse0
- Qualifier
- similar variation patterns in the surface water levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences in the measured items between AWD and AWDS were attributed to similar variation patterns in the surface water level”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD is supported as a mitigation option for paddy greenhouse gas emissions in Central Vietnam.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- AWD's performance as a mitigation option for paddy GHG emissione0
- Setting
- Central Vietname0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results confirm the AWD's performance as a mitigation option for paddy GHG emission in Central Vietnam”
t0“paddy field”
e1“rice grain yield did not differ among the three treatments”
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