Abstract
Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation. In this study, we hypothesized that both technologies could be practiced in combination and this could further reduce CH4 emissions and water consumption when compared to practicing alone. The effects of biochar application and its co-application with chemical fertilizer or compost under conventional or AWD water management on CH4 emissions, productivity of rice, water use, and SOC stock, as well as cost and income were investigated. The experiment was carried out in an irrigated paddy field in the central plain of Thailand during both in the wet and dry seasons. Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively. BI and BC significantly (p < 0.05) reduced grain yield by 19.9% and 10.8%, respectively, while BF significantly increased grain yield by 3.70%. In addition, BI, BC, and BF significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 21.2%, 21.4%, and 18.3%, respectively. Compared to the CT, higher production costs were found in BC and BF, but the farmer’s net incomes were also higher in BF because of its higher grain yield. On the other hand, water management in all amendment treatments under AWD was resulted in the reduction of CH4 emissions by the average of 18.8% as compared to the conventional system. AWD decreased rice yield by an average of 2.29%. It significantly reduced irrigation water use by an average of 11.9%, resulting in reducing production cost for water pumping. The results show that the practice that combined biochar application, AWD and chemical fertilizer are feasible for CH4 emission mitigation, SOC stock increase and irrigation water saving without significant effects on yield and farmer income.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6% relative to control (CT).
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- seasonal CH4 emissionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 40.6%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with compost reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 29.5% relative to control (CT).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application with composte1
- Outcome
- seasonal CH4 emissionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 29.5%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with chemical fertilizer reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 12.3% relative to control (CT).
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- seasonal CH4 emissionse1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 12.3%e1
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application significantly reduced grain yield by 19.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 19.9%e2
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e2“BI and BC significantly (p < 0.05) reduced grain yield by 19.9% and 10.8%, respectively, while BF significantly increased grain yield by 3.70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with compost significantly reduced grain yield by 10.8%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application with composte1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 10.8%e2
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e2“BI and BC significantly (p < 0.05) reduced grain yield by 19.9% and 10.8%, respectively, while BF significantly increased grain yield by 3.70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with chemical fertilizer significantly increased grain yield by 3.70%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Value
- 3.70%e2
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e2“BI and BC significantly (p < 0.05) reduced grain yield by 19.9% and 10.8%, respectively, while BF significantly increased grain yield by 3.70%”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar application significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 21.2%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- biochar applicatione1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC) stocke3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 21.2%e3
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e3“In addition, BI, BC, and BF significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 21.2%, 21.4%, and 18.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with compost significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 21.4%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application with composte1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC) stocke3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 21.4%e3
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e3“In addition, BI, BC, and BF significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 21.2%, 21.4%, and 18.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with chemical fertilizer significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 18.3%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- soil organic carbon (SOC) stocke3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Value
- 18.3%e3
- Comparator
- control (CT)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e3“In addition, BI, BC, and BF significantly enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) stock by 21.2%, 21.4%, and 18.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with compost led to higher production costs than the control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- co-application with composte1
- Outcome
- production costse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- the CTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e4“Compared to the CT, higher production costs were found in BC and BF”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar with chemical fertilizer led to higher production costs than the control.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- production costse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- the CTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e4“Compared to the CT, higher production costs were found in BC and BF”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers net income was higher with co-application of biochar and chemical fertilizer, because of its higher grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- net incomese5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- the CTe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“Relative to control (CT), biochar application (BI), its co-application with compost (BC) or chemical fertilizer (BF) reduced seasonal CH4 emissions by 40.6%, 29.5%, and 12.3%, respectively”
e4“Compared to the CT, higher production costs were found in BC and BF”
e5“net incomes were also higher in BF because of its higher grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD water management reduced CH4 emissions by an average of 18.8% compared with the conventional system.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AWDe6
- Outcome
- CH4 emissionse6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Value
- 18.8%e6
- Comparator
- conventional systeme6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e6“water management in all amendment treatments under AWD was resulted in the reduction of CH4 emissions by the average of 18.8% as compared to the conventional system”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD decreased rice yield by an average of 2.29%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e7“AWD decreased rice yield by an average of 2.29%”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD significantly reduced irrigation water use by an average of 11.9%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“It significantly reduced irrigation water use by an average of 11.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD reduced production cost for water pumping.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- AWDe0
- Outcome
- production cost for water pumpinge1
- Direction
- reducinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“resulting in reducing production cost for water pumping”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined practice of biochar, AWD and chemical fertilizer is feasible for CH4 emission mitigation, SOC stock increase and irrigation water saving.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the practice that combined biochar application, AWD and chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- feasible for CH4 emission mitigatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“The results show that the practice that combined biochar application, AWD and chemical fertilizer are feasible for CH4 emission mitigation, SOC stock increase and irrigation water saving without significant effects on yield and farmer income”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined practice of biochar, AWD and chemical fertilizer had no significant effect on yield and farmer income.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- the practice that combined biochar application, AWD and chemical fertilizere1
- Outcome
- yield and farmer incomee1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar application and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) are emerging as promising technologies recommended for reducing CH4 emissions and water consumption in rice cultivation”
e1“The results show that the practice that combined biochar application, AWD and chemical fertilizer are feasible for CH4 emission mitigation, SOC stock increase and irrigation water saving without significant effects on yield and farmer income”
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See all 1,171 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.