Abstract
Projected climate change impacts, such as delayed rainfall and increased drought frequency, threaten rice cultivation and global food security. This study evaluated the effects of water scarcity at critical growth stages and biochar application on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, and soil health in Central Thailand using the drought-tolerant cultivar Pathum Thani 1. Treatments included continuous flooding and water scarcity during tillering, reproductive, or both stages, with and without biochar, across wet and dry seasons. Water scarcity significantly reduced methane (CH 4 ) emissions by inhibiting hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis ( Methanocella ) and acetoclastic methanogenesis (GOM Arc I of Methanosarcinales ) but increased nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions via enhanced nitrification. Despite higher N 2 O emissions, total GHG emissions, expressed as the global warming potential (GWP), were lower under water-scarce conditions than under continuous flooding, with reductions of 27.1%, 43.0%, and 58.1% during tillering, reproductive, and both stages, respectively. Water scarcity during tillering stage maintained yield, whereas water scarcity during reproductive stage caused a significant reduction in yield. Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration. Its high porosity and surface area also suppressed methanogenesis and reduced N 2 O formation while improving nutrient use efficiency. The strategic use of water restrictions during tillering, combined with biochar, provides a sustainable approach to mitigate GHG emissions, optimize water use, and sustain soil health and productivity. In resource-limited scenarios, prioritizing tillering-stage water scarcity over biochar application is recommended because of its greater GHG mitigation potential.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Water scarcity reduced methane emissions significantly.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Water scarcitye0
- Outcome
- methane (CH 4 ) emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water scarcity significantly reduced methane (CH 4 ) emissions by inhibiting hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis ( Methanocella ) and acetoclastic methanogenesis (GOM Arc I of Methanosarcinales )”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Water scarcity increased nitrous oxide emissions via enhanced nitrification.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water scarcitye0
- Outcome
- nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissionse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- enhanced nitrificatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water scarcity significantly reduced methane (CH 4 ) emissions by inhibiting hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis ( Methanocella ) and acetoclastic methanogenesis (GOM Arc I of Methanosarcinales ) but increased nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions via enhanced nitrification.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillering-stage scarcity reduced GWP by 27.1% against flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water-scarce conditionse0
- Outcome
- GWPe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 27.1%e0
- Qualifier
- tilleringe0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GWP), were lower under water-scarce conditions than under continuous flooding, with reductions of 27.1%, 43.0%, and 58.1% during tillering, reproductive, and both stages, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive-stage scarcity reduced GWP by 43.0% against flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water-scarce conditionse0
- Outcome
- GWPe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 43.0%e0
- Qualifier
- reproductivee0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GWP), were lower under water-scarce conditions than under continuous flooding, with reductions of 27.1%, 43.0%, and 58.1% during tillering, reproductive, and both stages, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Scarcity at both stages reduced GWP by 58.1% against flooding.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water-scarce conditionse0
- Outcome
- GWPe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 58.1%e0
- Qualifier
- both stagese0
- Comparator
- continuous floodinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GWP), were lower under water-scarce conditions than under continuous flooding, with reductions of 27.1%, 43.0%, and 58.1% during tillering, reproductive, and both stages, respectively.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillering-stage scarcity maintained rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Water scarcity during tillering stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Water scarcity during tillering stage maintained yield”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Reproductive-stage scarcity significantly reduced rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- water scarcity during reproductive stagee0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water scarcity during reproductive stage caused a significant reduction in yield.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar further mitigated greenhouse gas emissions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- GHG emissionse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved rice yield by 12.2%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased soil pH, nutrient availability and soil organic carbon sequestration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochar amendmente0
- Outcome
- soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestratione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar suppressed methanogenesis and reduced nitrous oxide formation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- methanogenesis and reduced N 2 O formatione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration. Its high porosity and surface area also suppressed methanogenesis and reduced N 2 O formation while improving nutrient use efficiency.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar improved nutrient use efficiency.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- nutrient use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration. Its high porosity and surface area also suppressed methanogenesis and reduced N 2 O formation while improving nutrient use efficiency.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend tillering-stage water scarcity with biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- water restrictions during tillering, combined with biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strategic use of water restrictions during tillering, combined with biochar, provides a sustainable approach to mitigate GHG emissions, optimize water use, and sustain soil health and productivity.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
In resource-limited settings, authors recommend prioritizing tillering scarcity over biochar.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- prioritizing tillering-stage water scarcity over biochar applicatione0
- Qualifier
- resource-limited scenariose0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In resource-limited scenarios, prioritizing tillering-stage water scarcity over biochar application is recommended because of its greater GHG mitigation potential.”
t0“rice”
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See all 325 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.