Abstract
This study aimed to develop a biostimulant formulation using humic acid (HA), silicon, and biochar alone or in combination to alleviate the lethality induced by combined heavy metals (HM-C; As, Cd, and Pb), drought stress (DS; 30–40% soil moisture), and salt stress (SS; 150 mM NaCl) in rice. The results showed that HA, Si, and biochar application alone or in combination improved plant growth under normal, DS, and SS conditions significantly. However, HA increased the lethality of rice by increasing the As, Cd, and Pb uptake significantly, thereby elevating lipid peroxidation. Co-application reduced abscisic acid, elevated salicylic acid, and optimized the Ca2+ and Si uptake. This subsequently elevated the K+/Na+ influx and efflux by regulating the metal ion regulators (Si: Lsi1 and Lsi2; K+/Na+: OsNHX1) and increased the expressions of the stress-response genes OsMTP1 and OsNramp in the rice shoots. Melatonin synthesis was significantly elevated by HM-C (130%), which was reduced by 50% with the HA + Si + biochar treatment. However, in the SS- and DS-induced crops, the melatonin content showed only minor differences. These findings suggest that the biostimulant formulation could be used to mitigate SS and DS, and precautions should be taken when using HA for heavy metal detoxification.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid, silicon, and biochar, alone or together, significantly improved rice growth under normal, drought, and salt conditions.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- HA, Si, and biochar application alone or in combinatione0
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- normal, DS, and SS conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA, Si, and biochar application alone or in combination improved plant growth under normal, DS, and SS conditions significantly”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid increased rice lethality and heavy metal uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HAe0
- Compound
- As, Cd, and Pbe0
- Outcome
- lethality of ricee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA increased the lethality of rice by increasing the As, Cd, and Pb uptake significantly”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid increased arsenic, cadmium, and lead uptake in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HAe0
- Outcome
- As, Cd, and Pb uptakee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA increased the lethality of rice by increasing the As, Cd, and Pb uptake significantly”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid elevated lipid peroxidation in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HAe0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidatione0
- Direction
- elevatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HA increased the lethality of rice by increasing the As, Cd, and Pb uptake significantly, thereby elevating lipid peroxidation”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application reduced abscisic acid and elevated salicylic acid in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- abscisic acide0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application reduced abscisic acid, elevated salicylic acid, and optimized the Ca2+ and Si uptake”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application elevated salicylic acid in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- salicylic acide0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application reduced abscisic acid, elevated salicylic acid, and optimized the Ca2+ and Si uptake”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application optimized calcium and silicon uptake in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applicatione0
- Outcome
- Ca2+ and Si uptakee0
- Direction
- optimizede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application reduced abscisic acid, elevated salicylic acid, and optimized the Ca2+ and Si uptake”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application elevated potassium and sodium ion influx and efflux in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Co-applicatione0
- Gene
- Lsi1 and Lsi2e0
- Outcome
- K+/Na+ influx and effluxe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application reduced abscisic acid, elevated salicylic acid, and optimized the Ca2+ and Si uptake. This subsequently elevated the K+/Na+ influx and efflux by regulating the metal ion regulators (Si: Lsi1 and Lsi2; K+/Na+: OsNHX1)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application increased expression of OsMTP1 and OsNramp in rice shoots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- rice shootse0
- Treatment
- Co-applicatione0
- Gene
- OsMTP1 and OsNrampe0
- Outcome
- expressions of the stress-response genes OsMTP1 and OsNrampe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co-application reduced abscisic acid, elevated salicylic acid, and optimized the Ca2+ and Si uptake. This subsequently elevated the K+/Na+ influx and efflux by regulating the metal ion regulators (Si: Lsi1 and Lsi2; K+/Na+: OsNHX1) and increased the expressions of the stress-response genes OsMTP1 and OsNramp in the rice shoots”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined heavy metals elevated rice melatonin synthesis by 130%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin synthesis was significantly elevated by HM-C (130%)”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Humic acid, silicon, and biochar reduced heavy metal elevated melatonin synthesis by 50%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- HA + Si + biochar treatmente0
- Outcome
- Melatonin synthesise0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Melatonin synthesis was significantly elevated by HM-C (130%), which was reduced by 50% with the HA + Si + biochar treatment”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin content showed only minor differences under salt and drought stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- melatonin contente0
- Direction
- only minor differencese0
- Qualifier
- SS- and DS-induced cropse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in the SS- and DS-induced crops, the melatonin content showed only minor differences”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest the formulation could mitigate salt and drought stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- mitigate SS and DSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the biostimulant formulation could be used to mitigate SS and DS”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise precautions when using humic acid for heavy metal detoxification.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- precautions should be taken when using HA for heavy metal detoxificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“precautions should be taken when using HA for heavy metal detoxification”
t0“Rice”
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See all 33 papers →8 of 11 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.