Abstract
Climate change may badly affect the availability of water and soil nutrients to rice plant. Research experiments were conducted at the Environmental Science Departmental field, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during July 2017 to June 2019, to find out the suitable combination of biochar with inorganic fertilizers for minimizing seasonal yield scaled CH4 emissions, reducing global warming potentials (GWPs) and sustainable rice farming under feasible irrigation practices. There were ten experimental treatments with different combinations of inorganic NPKS fertilizers and biochar (15 - 30 t/ha) under conventional flooding (CF) and alternate wetting-drying irrigations (AWDI). This study revealed that NPKS fertilization (50% of the recommended doze) with 15 t/ha biochar amendments under AWD irrigation maximized rice yield 6750 kg/ha and 4380 kg/ha in dry boro and wet aman seasons respectively, while the lowest rice yield 1850 kg/ha and 1550 kg/ha were recorded in continuously irrigated control treatment (T1) during the dry and wet seasons respectively. Seasonal cumulative CH4 emission, yield scaled CH4 emission and GWPs were suppressed significantly with biochar amendments 15 - 30 t/ha under both conventional and AWDI irrigation systems during the wet and dry seasons of rice cultivation. Significant interactions were observed among biochar amendments and irrigation practices during the dry boro rice cultivation. Dry seasonal cumulative CH4 emissions were decreased by 14.7%, 18.9% and 24.8% with biochar amendments at 15 t/ha, 20 t/ha and 30 t/ha respectively under conventional irrigation; while cumulative CH4 emissions were reduced by 10.6%, 26% and 41.6% respectively, under AWDI system. Finally, total global warming potentials (GWPs) were decreased by 6% - 15%, 13% - 30% with biochar amendments under conventional and AWDI irrigations respectively, in wet season; while global warming potentials (GWPs) also decreased by 14% - 25%, 11% - 42% with biochar amendments under conventional and AWDI irrigations, respectively, in the dry boro season. Biochar amendments increased water productivity index to some extent, but AWD irrigations significantly increased water productivity over the conventional irrigation in both wet and dry seasons. After experimental period, it was found that soil porosity, redox status, soil organic carbon (SOC) as well as overall soil properties were improved significantly with biochar amendments and AWD irrigations. Conclusively, biochar amendments @15 - 20 t/ha with half of the recommended inorganic (NPKS) fertilizers under alternate wetting-drying irrigations revealed an environment friendly integrated package approach to reduce seasonal cumulative CH4 emissions as well as GWPs, while improving rice rhizosphere environment and rice productivity to meet the national food security.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment maximized dry-season rice yield at 6750 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- NPKS fertilization (50% of the recommended doze) with 15 t/ha biochar amendments under AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 6750 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- dry boroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPKS fertilization (50% of the recommended doze) with 15 t/ha biochar amendments under AWD irrigation maximized rice yield 6750 kg/ha and 4380 kg/ha in dry boro and wet aman seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined treatment maximized wet-season rice yield at 4380 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- NPKS fertilization (50% of the recommended doze) with 15 t/ha biochar amendments under AWD irrigatione0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- maximizede0
- Value
- 4380 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- wet amane0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPKS fertilization (50% of the recommended doze) with 15 t/ha biochar amendments under AWD irrigation maximized rice yield 6750 kg/ha and 4380 kg/ha in dry boro and wet aman seasons respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuously irrigated control had the lowest dry-season yield of 1850 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- continuously irrigated control treatment (T1)e0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1850 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- drye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest rice yield 1850 kg/ha and 1550 kg/ha were recorded in continuously irrigated control treatment (T1) during the dry and wet seasons respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuously irrigated control had the lowest wet-season yield of 1550 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- continuously irrigated control treatment (T1)e0
- Outcome
- rice yielde0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 1550 kg/hae0
- Qualifier
- wet seasonse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the lowest rice yield 1850 kg/ha and 1550 kg/ha were recorded in continuously irrigated control treatment (T1) during the dry and wet seasons respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar significantly suppressed cumulative methane emission, yield-scaled methane emission and GWP in both irrigation systems and seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- biochar amendments 15 - 30 t/hae0
- Outcome
- Seasonal cumulative CH4 emission, yield scaled CH4 emission and GWPse0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seasonal cumulative CH4 emission, yield scaled CH4 emission and GWPs were suppressed significantly with biochar amendments 15 - 30 t/ha under both conventional and AWDI irrigation systems during the wet and dry seasons of rice cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and irrigation interacted significantly in dry-season rice cultivation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- biochar amendmentse0
- Outcome
- interactionse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant interactions were observed among biochar amendments and irrigation practices during the dry boro rice cultivation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under conventional irrigation, 15 t/ha biochar decreased dry-season cumulative methane emissions 14.7%.
- Treatment
- biochar amendments at 15 t/hae0
- Outcome
- Dry seasonal cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14.7%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dry seasonal cumulative CH4 emissions were decreased by 14.7%, 18.9% and 24.8% with biochar amendments at 15 t/ha, 20 t/ha and 30 t/ha respectively under conventional irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under conventional irrigation, 20 t/ha biochar decreased dry-season cumulative methane emissions 18.9%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dry seasonal cumulative CH4 emissions were decreased by 14.7%, 18.9% and 24.8% with biochar amendments at 15 t/ha, 20 t/ha and 30 t/ha respectively under conventional irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under conventional irrigation, 30 t/ha biochar decreased dry-season cumulative methane emissions 24.8%.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Dry seasonal cumulative CH4 emissions were decreased by 14.7%, 18.9% and 24.8% with biochar amendments at 15 t/ha, 20 t/ha and 30 t/ha respectively under conventional irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Under AWDI, three biochar rates reduced cumulative methane emissions by 10.6%, 26% and 41.6%, respectively.
- Treatment
- AWDI systeme0
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 10.6%, 26% and 41.6%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“cumulative CH4 emissions were reduced by 10.6%, 26% and 41.6% respectively, under AWDI system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced wet-season GWP 6%–15% under conventional irrigation.
- Treatment
- biochar amendments under conventionale0
- Outcome
- global warming potentials (GWPs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 6% - 15%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total global warming potentials (GWPs) were decreased by 6% - 15%, 13% - 30% with biochar amendments under conventional and AWDI irrigations respectively, in wet season”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced wet-season GWP 13%–30% under AWDI.
- Treatment
- biochar amendmentse0
- Outcome
- global warming potentials (GWPs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13% - 30%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“total global warming potentials (GWPs) were decreased by 6% - 15%, 13% - 30% with biochar amendments under conventional and AWDI irrigations respectively, in wet season”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced dry-season GWP 14%–25% under conventional irrigation.
- Treatment
- biochar amendments under conventionale0
- Outcome
- global warming potentials (GWPs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 14% - 25%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“global warming potentials (GWPs) also decreased by 14% - 25%, 11% - 42% with biochar amendments under conventional and AWDI irrigations, respectively, in the dry boro season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced dry-season GWP 11%–42% under AWDI.
- Treatment
- biochar amendmentse0
- Outcome
- global warming potentials (GWPs)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11% - 42%e0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“global warming potentials (GWPs) also decreased by 14% - 25%, 11% - 42% with biochar amendments under conventional and AWDI irrigations, respectively, in the dry boro season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar increased water productivity index.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Biochar amendments increased water productivity index to some extent”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD irrigation significantly increased water productivity in both seasons over conventional irrigation.
- Treatment
- AWD irrigationse0
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- conventional irrigatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“AWD irrigations significantly increased water productivity over the conventional irrigation in both wet and dry seasons.”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar and AWD irrigation significantly improved soil porosity, redox status and soil organic carbon.
- Treatment
- biochar amendments and AWD irrigationse0
- Outcome
- soil porosity, redox status, soil organic carbon (SOC)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“soil porosity, redox status, soil organic carbon (SOC) as well as overall soil properties were improved significantly with biochar amendments and AWD irrigations.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 15–20 t/ha biochar plus half-rate NPKS under alternate wetting–drying irrigation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- biochar amendments @15 - 20 t/ha with half of the recommended inorganic (NPKS) fertilizers under alternate wetting-drying irrigationse0
- Outcome
- environment friendly integrated package approache0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“biochar amendments @15 - 20 t/ha with half of the recommended inorganic (NPKS) fertilizers under alternate wetting-drying irrigations revealed an environment friendly integrated package approach to reduce seasonal cumulative CH4 emissions as well as GWPs, while improving rice rhizosphere environment and rice productivity”
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See all 166 papers →8 of 13 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.