Abstract
Abstract Biochar can change the availability and morphology of soil Cd. However, the influence of biochar on Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in rice is poorly understood, particularly under different irrigation methods. A pot experiment of biochar application combined with two irrigation methods (continuous flooding and intermittent irrigation, CF and II) was conducted. The Cd accumulation, chemical form and subcellular fraction in rice organs and the associated physiological responses were examined. Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd (30.85–47.26% and 32.35–52.35%) under CF and II but increased the Cd content (30.4–63.88% and 13.03–18.59%) in brown rice. Additionally, the Cd content in shoots/grains under II was higher than that under CF. Biochar elevated the Cd soluble fraction in roots while lowered the cell wall fraction under both irrigation methods, whereas the opposite result was observed in leaves. Biochar increased water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in roots meanwhile increased ethanol-extractable Cd in leaves under both irrigation methods. Moreover, the total amount of water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in rice roots was higher under II than under CF. Related hormones and antioxidant enzymes may also be involved in biochar-mediated Cd accumulation in rice grains. Thus, changes in Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in the root and leaf are the main mechanisms of biochar-induced rice grains Cd accumulation. Graphical Abstract
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced available soil Cd under flooding by 30.85–47.26%.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- soil available Cde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 30.85–47.26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd (30.85–47.26% and 32.35–52.35%) under CF and II”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar reduced available soil Cd under intermittent irrigation by 32.35–52.35%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- soil available Cde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 32.35–52.35%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd (30.85–47.26% and 32.35–52.35%) under CF and II”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar raised brown rice Cd by 30.4–63.88% under flooding.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the Cd content (30.4–63.88% and 13.03–18.59%) in brown rice”
t0“rice”
e1“Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar raised brown rice Cd by 13.03–18.59% under intermittent irrigation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased the Cd content (30.4–63.88% and 13.03–18.59%) in brown rice”
t0“rice”
e1“Biochar significantly reduced soil available Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot and grain Cd were higher under II than CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- IIe0
- Outcome
- Cd content in shoots/grainse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Cd content in shoots/grains under II was higher than that under CF”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar raised soluble Cd fraction in roots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- Cd soluble fractione0
- Direction
- elevatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar elevated the Cd soluble fraction in roots”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar lowered the root cell wall fraction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare1
- Outcome
- cell wall fractione0
- Direction
- lowerede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowered the cell wall fraction under both irrigation methods”
t0“rice”
e1“Biochar elevated the Cd soluble fraction in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar had opposite Cd fraction effects in leaves.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- opposite resulte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the opposite result was observed in leaves”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar raised water-, ethanol- and NaCl-extractable root Cd.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare0
- Outcome
- water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Biochar increased water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in roots”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Biochar raised ethanol-extractable leaf Cd.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Biochare1
- Outcome
- ethanol-extractable Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased ethanol-extractable Cd in leaves”
t0“rice”
e1“Biochar increased water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Root extractable Cd forms were higher under II than CF.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- IIe0
- Outcome
- total amount of water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total amount of water-, ethanol-, and NaCl-extractable Cd in rice roots was higher under II than under CF”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attribute grain Cd accumulation to chemical and subcellular changes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- rice grains Cd accumulatione0
- Qualifier
- changes in Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in the root and leafe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“changes in Cd chemical form and subcellular fraction in the root and leaf are the main mechanisms of biochar-induced rice grains Cd accumulation”
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