Abstract
Abstract High rates of nitrogen (N) fertilizer were applied to a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China to maximize crop production. Excessive N input has resulted in serious agricultural nonpoint pollution. Water and N management are two important approaches to regulating N loss from paddy fields. This study aimed to determine N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching from a paddy field during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region. Field experiments with two water and two N managements were conducted. The N exported to the environment through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching from the paddy field was 37.2 kg N ha−1 to 102 kg N ha−1, with ammonia volatilization accounting for 69.6% to 83.5% of N loss. Ammonium and dissolved organic N significantly contributed to N loss through runoff and leaching. Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS) significantly decreased N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching. Compared with the N and irrigation water inputs in traditional water and N management, those generated by controlled irrigation and site-specific N management were reduced by 34.6% to 43.0% and 59.2% to 63.3%, respectively. Moreover, the reduction in N and water input in the CS paddy field enabled the maintenance of high rice yield; it significantly increased N use efficiency by 15.1% to 34.9% and decreased the N exported to the environment by ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching by 53.1% to 56.1%. Therefore, the joint application of controlled irrigation and site-specific N management efficiently reduces agricultural nonpoint pollution through N loss from paddy fields. Keywords: Ammonia volatilizationcontrolled irrigationleachingnitrogen losspaddy fieldrunoffsite-specific nitrogen management Acknowledgments The research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50839002) and Ministry of Water Resources special funds for scientific research on public causes of China (No. 200901039-03).
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
N exported to the environment through ammonia volatilization, runoff and leaching from the paddy field was 37.2 kg N ha−1 to 102 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Outcome
- N exported to the environment through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leachinge2
- Value
- 37.2 kg N ha−1 to 102 kg N ha−1e2
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e2“The N exported to the environment through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching from the paddy field was 37.2 kg N ha−1 to 102 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonia volatilization accounted for 69.6% to 83.5% of the N loss from the paddy field.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- ammonia volatilizatione3
- Value
- 69.6% to 83.5%e3
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e3“with ammonia volatilization accounting for 69.6% to 83.5% of N loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium and dissolved organic N significantly contributed to N loss through runoff and leaching from the paddy field.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Compound
- Ammonium and dissolved organic Ne4
- Outcome
- N loss through runoff and leachinge4
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e4“Ammonium and dissolved organic N significantly contributed to N loss through runoff and leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management significantly decreased N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff and leaching.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS)e5
- Outcome
- N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leachinge5
- Direction
- decreasede5
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e5“Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS) significantly decreased N losses through ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management reduced the N input by 34.6% to 43.0% compared with traditional water and N management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- controlled irrigation and site-specific N managemente6
- Outcome
- N and irrigation water inputse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 34.6% to 43.0%e6
- Comparator
- traditional water and N managemente6
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e6“Compared with the N and irrigation water inputs in traditional water and N management, those generated by controlled irrigation and site-specific N management were reduced by 34.6% to 43.0% and 59.2% to 63.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management reduced the irrigation water input by 59.2% to 63.3% compared with traditional water and N management.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- controlled irrigation and site-specific N managemente6
- Outcome
- irrigation water inputse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 59.2% to 63.3%e6
- Comparator
- traditional water and N managemente6
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e6“Compared with the N and irrigation water inputs in traditional water and N management, those generated by controlled irrigation and site-specific N management were reduced by 34.6% to 43.0% and 59.2% to 63.3%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management significantly increased N use efficiency by 15.1% to 34.9%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS)e5
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- 15.1% to 34.9%e7
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e5“Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS) significantly decreased N losses”
e7“it significantly increased N use efficiency by 15.1% to 34.9%”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management decreased the N exported to the environment by 53.1% to 56.1%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS)e5
- Outcome
- N exported to the environment by ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leachinge2
- Direction
- decreasede2
- Value
- 53.1% to 56.1%e2
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e5“Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS) significantly decreased N losses”
e2“decreased the N exported to the environment by ammonia volatilization, runoff, and leaching by 53.1% to 56.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management maintained high rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS)e5
- Outcome
- rice yielde3
- Direction
- maintenancee3
- Setting
- Taihu Lake region of Chinae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a paddy field in the Taihu Lake region of China”
e1“during the rice-growing season in Taihu Lake region”
e5“Controlled irrigation and site-specific N management (CS) significantly decreased N losses”
e3“enabled the maintenance of high rice yield”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.