Abstract
Exogenously applied trehalose is effective for improving plant tolerance to some abiotic stresses, but whether it has function in alleviating maize (Zea mays) tolerance to chromium (Cr) stress is unknown. This study investigated the effects of exogenous application of trehalose (0, 25 and 50 mM) on the growth, physiological parameters and oxidative defense systems of maize seedlings exposed to chromium (Cr) stress at the rate of 100 and 500 µM. Our results depicted that Cr stress reduced plant growth, biomass, leaf chlorophyll contents, transpiration rate, photosynthetic properties, stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzymes. The Cr-induced increase was observed in oxidative defense system, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide contents and membrane leakage. Although, activities of POD, SOD and CAT enzymes, total phenolics and proline concentrations increased at 100 µM Cr but were significantly diminished at 500 µM compared to non-Cr plants. However, the negative impacts of Cr on plant growth and physiological traits were reduced by the foliar application of trehalose. Trehalose significantly enhanced plant biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidants in addition to ascorbic acid, free proline, GB and total phenolic compounds. The application of trehalose diminished the exudation of organic acids and indicator of oxidative stress in roots and shoots by decreasing Cr retention in plant parts. The findings suggest that 50 mM trehalose spray efficiently mitigated the Cr toxicity in maize plants as compared to 25 m trehalose spray. However, the exogenous application of trehalose alleviated Cr toxicity by regulating Cr uptake in plant tissues by enhancing the antioxidative defense system.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced maize growth, biomass, and leaf chlorophyll.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results depicted that Cr stress reduced plant growth, biomass, leaf chlorophyll contents, transpiration rate, photosynthetic properties, stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance.
- Treatment
- Cr stresse0
- Outcome
- transpiration rate, photosynthetic properties, stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results depicted that Cr stress reduced plant growth, biomass, leaf chlorophyll contents, transpiration rate, photosynthetic properties, stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced antioxidant enzymes.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results depicted that Cr stress reduced plant growth, biomass, leaf chlorophyll contents, transpiration rate, photosynthetic properties, stomatal conductance and antioxidant enzymes.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium increased malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and membrane leakage.
- Treatment
- Cr-inducede0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide contents and membrane leakagee0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Cr-induced increase was observed in oxidative defense system, malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide contents and membrane leakage.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 µM chromium, POD, SOD, and CAT activities increased relative to plants without chromium.
- Treatment
- 100 µM Cre0
- Outcome
- activities of POD, SOD and CAT enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-Cr plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of POD, SOD and CAT enzymes, total phenolics and proline concentrations increased at 100 µM Cr but were significantly diminished at 500 µM compared to non-Cr plants.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
At 100 µM chromium, total phenolics and proline concentrations increased.
- Treatment
- 100 µM Cre0
- Outcome
- total phenolics and proline concentrationse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- non-Cr plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics and proline concentrations increased at 100 µM Cr but were significantly diminished at 500 µM compared to non-Cr plants.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
At 500 µM chromium, POD, SOD, and CAT activities were significantly diminished relative to plants without chromium.
- Treatment
- 500 µMe0
- Outcome
- activities of POD, SOD and CAT enzymese0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Comparator
- non-Cr plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activities of POD, SOD and CAT enzymes, total phenolics and proline concentrations increased at 100 µM Cr but were significantly diminished at 500 µM compared to non-Cr plants.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
At 500 µM chromium, total phenolics and proline were significantly diminished relative to plants without chromium.
- Treatment
- 500 µMe0
- Outcome
- total phenolics and proline concentrationse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Comparator
- non-Cr plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total phenolics and proline concentrations increased at 100 µM Cr but were significantly diminished at 500 µM compared to non-Cr plants.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar trehalose reduced chromium damage to growth and physiological traits.
- Treatment
- foliar application of trehalosee0
- Outcome
- negative impacts of Cr on plant growth and physiological traitse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the negative impacts of Cr on plant growth and physiological traits were reduced by the foliar application of trehalose.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose significantly enhanced biomass.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trehalose significantly enhanced plant biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidants in addition to ascorbic acid, free proline, GB and total phenolic compounds.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidants.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trehalose significantly enhanced plant biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidants in addition to ascorbic acid, free proline, GB and total phenolic compounds.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose improved ascorbic acid, free proline, and GB.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trehalose significantly enhanced plant biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidants in addition to ascorbic acid, free proline, GB and total phenolic compounds.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose improved total phenolic compounds.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trehalose significantly enhanced plant biomass, improved photosynthetic apparatus and antioxidants in addition to ascorbic acid, free proline, GB and total phenolic compounds.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose reduced organic acid exudation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of trehalose diminished the exudation of organic acids and indicator of oxidative stress in roots and shoots by decreasing Cr retention in plant parts.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose reduced oxidative stress indicators in roots and shoots.
- Treatment
- application of trehalosee0
- Outcome
- indicator of oxidative stress in roots and shootse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of trehalose diminished the exudation of organic acids and indicator of oxidative stress in roots and shoots by decreasing Cr retention in plant parts.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
Trehalose decreased chromium retention in plant parts.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of trehalose diminished the exudation of organic acids and indicator of oxidative stress in roots and shoots by decreasing Cr retention in plant parts.”
t0“Zea mays”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors found 50 mM trehalose more effective than 25 m trehalose at mitigating chromium toxicity.
- Treatment
- 50 mM trehalose spraye0
- Outcome
- Cr toxicitye0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- 25 m trehalose spraye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The findings suggest that 50 mM trehalose spray efficiently mitigated the Cr toxicity in maize plants as compared to 25 m trehalose spray.”
t0“Zea mays”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 15 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.