Abstract
3-Alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs) could be considered as off-flavor for red wine if the concentration exceeds a certain threshold. It is unknown whether the vine water status has an influence on MP metabolism in grape berries and, therefore, in wines. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vine water status on MP content and on the expression level of VvOMTs; moreover, the exact functions of VvOMT2/3 were investigated. In this study, the grapevines were subjected over two years (2020 and 2021) to different levels of water constraints and the treatments were (i) light water constraint (LW); (ii) moderate water constraint (MW); and (iii) severe water constraint (SW) in comparison with well-irrigated vines used as control (CK). The results showed that six MPs, including ETMP, MEMP, MOMP, SBMP, IPMP, and IBMP, were negatively and significantly affected by water constraints. Meanwhile, the levels of VvOMT1, VvOMT2, VvOMT3, and VvOMT4 were 0.17-fold, 0.13-fold, 0.35-fold, and 0.75-fold, respectively, at 40 DAA or 60 DAA under MW treatment relative to CK in 2020. In 2021, the trend was similar to that in 2020. When VvOMT2 and VvOMT3 genes were transiently overexpressed in grape berries and callus, both their expression level and protein level were induced; in addition, IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP contents were significantly increased. Moreover, heterologous expression of VvOMT3 in tomato led to IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP accumulation, whereas VvOMT2 could only promote the accumulation of IPMP. Altogether, moderate water constraint not only improved the quality of “Marselan” grape berries but also reduced the MP content per berry. This study showed for the first time, according to our knowledge, the effect of vine water constraint on the metabolism of MPs by way of allowing the reduction of the precursors of this aromatic compound, which could be perceived as an off-flavor impacting negatively wine aromatic profiles with notes of asparagus and green pepper.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Six methoxypyrazines ETMP, MEMP and MOMP were negatively and significantly affected by water constraints.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera
Vitis viniferat0 - Treatment
- water constraintse0
- Outcome
- ETMP, MEMP, MOMPe0
- Direction
- negativelye0
- Comparator
- well-irrigated vinese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e0“six MPs, including ETMP, MEMP, MOMP, SBMP, IPMP, and IBMP, were negatively and significantly affected by water constraints”
e1“in comparison with well-irrigated vines used as control (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Six methoxypyrazines SBMP, IPMP and IBMP were negatively and significantly affected by water constraints.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- water constraintse0
- Outcome
- SBMP, IPMP, and IBMPe0
- Direction
- negativelye0
- Comparator
- well-irrigated vinese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e0“six MPs, including ETMP, MEMP, MOMP, SBMP, IPMP, and IBMP, were negatively and significantly affected by water constraints”
e1“in comparison with well-irrigated vines used as control (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Under moderate water constraint, VvOMT1 level was 0.17-fold of the control at 40 or 60 DAA in 2020.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- 40 DAA or 60 DAAe2
- Treatment
- MW treatmente2
- Gene
- VvOMT1e2
- Outcome
- levelse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.17-folde2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e2“the levels of VvOMT1, VvOMT2, VvOMT3, and VvOMT4 were 0.17-fold, 0.13-fold, 0.35-fold, and 0.75-fold, respectively, at 40 DAA or 60 DAA under MW treatment relative to CK in 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
Under moderate water constraint, VvOMT2 level was 0.13-fold of the control at 40 or 60 DAA in 2020.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- 40 DAA or 60 DAAe2
- Treatment
- MW treatmente2
- Gene
- VvOMT2e2
- Outcome
- levelse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.13-folde2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e2“the levels of VvOMT1, VvOMT2, VvOMT3, and VvOMT4 were 0.17-fold, 0.13-fold, 0.35-fold, and 0.75-fold, respectively, at 40 DAA or 60 DAA under MW treatment relative to CK in 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
Under moderate water constraint, VvOMT3 level was 0.35-fold of the control at 40 or 60 DAA in 2020.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- 40 DAA or 60 DAAe2
- Treatment
- MW treatmente2
- Gene
- VvOMT3e2
- Outcome
- levelse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.35-folde2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e2“the levels of VvOMT1, VvOMT2, VvOMT3, and VvOMT4 were 0.17-fold, 0.13-fold, 0.35-fold, and 0.75-fold, respectively, at 40 DAA or 60 DAA under MW treatment relative to CK in 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
Under moderate water constraint, VvOMT4 level was 0.75-fold of the control at 40 or 60 DAA in 2020.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- 40 DAA or 60 DAAe2
- Treatment
- MW treatmente2
- Gene
- VvOMT4e2
- Outcome
- levelse2
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Value
- 0.75-folde2
- Comparator
- CKe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e2“the levels of VvOMT1, VvOMT2, VvOMT3, and VvOMT4 were 0.17-fold, 0.13-fold, 0.35-fold, and 0.75-fold, respectively, at 40 DAA or 60 DAA under MW treatment relative to CK in 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2021 trend in VvOMT levels was similar to that of 2020.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Outcome
- trende3
- Qualifier
- similar to that in 2020e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e3“In 2021, the trend was similar to that in 2020”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of VvOMT2 and VvOMT3 in grape berries and callus induced their expression and protein levels.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Organ / stage
- grape berries and calluse4
- Treatment
- transiently overexpressede4
- Gene
- VvOMT2 and VvOMT3e4
- Outcome
- expression level and protein levele4
- Direction
- inducede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e4“When VvOMT2 and VvOMT3 genes were transiently overexpressed in grape berries and callus, both their expression level and protein level were induced”
Claim · model-written summary
Transient overexpression of VvOMT2 and VvOMT3 significantly increased IPMP, SBMP and IBMP contents.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Treatment
- transiently overexpressede4
- Gene
- VvOMT2 and VvOMT3e4
- Outcome
- IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP contentse5
- Direction
- increasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e4“When VvOMT2 and VvOMT3 genes were transiently overexpressed in grape berries and callus”
e5“IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP contents were significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Heterologous expression of VvOMT3 in tomato led to IPMP, SBMP and IBMP accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume6 - Treatment
- heterologous expressione6
- Gene
- VvOMT3e6
- Outcome
- IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP accumulatione6
- Direction
- increaseinferrede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“heterologous expression of VvOMT3 in tomato led to IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
VvOMT2 could only promote IPMP accumulation in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Treatment
- VvOMT2e7
- Gene
- VvOMT2e7
- Outcome
- accumulation of IPMPe7
- Direction
- promotee7
- Qualifier
- could onlye7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“heterologous expression of VvOMT3 in tomato led to IPMP, SBMP, and IBMP accumulation”
e7“VvOMT2 could only promote the accumulation of IPMP”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate water constraint improved the quality of Marselan grape berries compared with well-irrigated vines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Marselane7
- Organ / stage
- grape berriese7
- Treatment
- moderate water constrainte7
- Outcome
- qualitye7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Comparator
- well-irrigated vinese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e1“in comparison with well-irrigated vines used as control (CK)”
e7“moderate water constraint not only improved the quality of “Marselan” grape berries but also reduced the MP content per berry”
Claim · model-written summary
Moderate water constraint reduced the MP content per berry compared with well-irrigated vines.
- Taxon
- Vitis viniferaVitis viniferat0
- Material
- Marselane7
- Organ / stage
- berrye7
- Treatment
- moderate water constrainte7
- Outcome
- MP content per berrye7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- well-irrigated vinese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Grape Berries (Vitis vinifera L.)”
e1“in comparison with well-irrigated vines used as control (CK)”
e7“moderate water constraint not only improved the quality of “Marselan” grape berries but also reduced the MP content per berry”
The same questions in other papers
overexpression · molecular: metabolites · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.