Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2014 and 2015, to study the impact of moisture-conservation techniques on growth, pro- ductivity and profitability of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with 3 replications in a fixed lay-out. The treatments consisted of 4 moisture-conservation practices, viz. ridge and furrow (RF), RF + crop residue (CR) @ 4 t/ha, RF + CR @ 2 t/ha + VAM and flat sowing (FS). Among different moisture conservation techniques, RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS. Values of canopy temperature depression (CTD) were significantly influenced by treatments 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), but remained unaffected at 90 DAS. SPAD values at 30, 60 and 90 DAS differed significantly at all stages and showed normal curve pattern with maximum values at 60 DAS. The treatment crop residue @ 4 t/ha in RF system produced numerically higher grain and stover yields of 3.43 and 9.51 t/ha respectively. Maize planted under RF with 4 t/ha CR exhibited significantly higher water-use efficiency (WUE) of 12.3 kg/ha-mm, followed by RF + CR 2 t/ha + VAM (10.9 kg/ha-mm) as compared to FS (8.45 kg/ha-mm) maximum net returns were obtained under RF + CR 4 t/ha (35.8 103 /ha) and the least under FS (22.7 103 /ha). Residue-based treatment, RF + CR 4 t/ha resulted in benefit: cost ratio of maximum value (1.39) maximum energy intensiveness (2.32 MJ/ ) and specific energy (17.57 MJ/kg) were also obtained for treatment RF + CR 4 t/ha.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge and furrow with 4 t/ha crop residue significantly affected maize growth parameters compared with non-residue plots and flat sowing.
Zea maysNot reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments significantly influenced canopy temperature depression at 30 and 60 days after sowing.
- Treatment
- treatmentse2
- Outcome
- canopy temperature depression (CTD)e2
- Qualifier
- 30 and 60 days after sowinge2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e2“Values of canopy temperature depression (CTD) were significantly influenced by treatments 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS)”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy temperature depression remained unaffected by treatments at 90 DAS.
- Treatment
- treatmentse2
- Outcome
- canopy temperature depression (CTD)e2
- Direction
- remained unaffectede3
- Qualifier
- 90 DASe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e2“Values of canopy temperature depression (CTD) were significantly influenced by treatments 30 and 60 days after sowing (DAS)”
e3“but remained unaffected at 90 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD values differed significantly at 30, 60 and 90 DAS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e4“SPAD values at 30, 60 and 90 DAS differed significantly at all stages”
Claim · model-written summary
SPAD values showed a normal curve pattern with maximum values at 60 DAS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e4“SPAD values at 30, 60 and 90 DAS differed significantly at all stages”
e5“showed normal curve pattern with maximum values at 60 DAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue at 4 t/ha in the RF system numerically increased grain yield to 3.43 t/ha.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e6“The treatment crop residue @ 4 t/ha in RF system produced numerically higher grain and stover yields of 3.43 and 9.51 t/ha respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue at 4 t/ha in the RF system numerically increased stover yield to 9.51 t/ha.
- Treatment
- crop residue @ 4 t/ha in RF systeme6
- Outcome
- stover yieldse6
- Direction
- highere6
- Value
- 9.51 t/hae6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e6“The treatment crop residue @ 4 t/ha in RF system produced numerically higher grain and stover yields of 3.43 and 9.51 t/ha respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
RF with 4 t/ha crop residue gave significantly higher water-use efficiency (12.3 kg/ha-mm) than flat sowing (8.45 kg/ha-mm).
- Treatment
- RF with 4 t/ha CRe7
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency (WUE)e7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 12.3 kg/ha-mme7
- Qualifier
- 8.45 kg/ha-mme3
- Comparator
- FSe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e7“Maize planted under RF with 4 t/ha CR exhibited significantly higher water-use efficiency (WUE) of 12.3 kg/ha-mm”
e3“followed by RF + CR 2 t/ha + VAM (10.9 kg/ha-mm) as compared to FS (8.45 kg/ha-mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
RF with 2 t/ha crop residue and VAM gave higher water-use efficiency (10.9 kg/ha-mm) than flat sowing.
- Treatment
- RF + CR 2 t/ha + VAMe3
- Outcome
- water-use efficiency (WUE)e7
- Direction
- higherinferrede3
- Value
- 10.9 kg/ha-mme3
- Comparator
- FSe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e7“Maize planted under RF with 4 t/ha CR exhibited significantly higher water-use efficiency (WUE) of 12.3 kg/ha-mm”
e3“followed by RF + CR 2 t/ha + VAM (10.9 kg/ha-mm) as compared to FS (8.45 kg/ha-mm)”
Claim · model-written summary
RF with 4 t/ha crop residue gave maximum net returns.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e2“maximum net returns were obtained under RF + CR 4 t/ha (35.8 103 /ha) and the least under FS (22.7 103 /ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Flat sowing gave the least net returns.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e2“maximum net returns were obtained under RF + CR 4 t/ha (35.8 103 /ha) and the least under FS (22.7 103 /ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
RF with 4 t/ha crop residue gave the maximum benefit-cost ratio (1.39).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e3“Residue-based treatment, RF + CR 4 t/ha resulted in benefit: cost ratio of maximum value (1.39)”
Claim · model-written summary
RF with 4 t/ha crop residue gave the maximum energy intensiveness (2.32 MJ).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e4“maximum energy intensiveness (2.32 MJ/ ) and specific energy (17.57 MJ/kg) were also obtained for treatment RF + CR 4 t/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
RF with 4 t/ha crop residue gave the maximum specific energy (17.57 MJ/kg).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RF with 4 t/ha CR recorded significant effect on growth parameters, viz. plant height, dry-matter accumulation (DMA) and leaf-area index (LAI) of maize in comparison to non-residue plots and FS”
e4“maximum energy intensiveness (2.32 MJ/ ) and specific energy (17.57 MJ/kg) were also obtained for treatment RF + CR 4 t/ha”
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