Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) season of 2017 and 2018 at Regional Research and Technology Transfer Station, Bhawanipatna of the Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Odisha, to study the effect of tillage and weed-management practices (WMPs) on weed-control efficiency (WCE), yield attributes, yield, economics and energetics of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). The results revealed the minimum weed dry-matter production (4.9 g/m2 ) in conventional tillage (CT) followed by 5.5 g/m2 dry-matter in minimum tillage (MT) and 5.9 g/m2 in zero tillage (ZT) at 60 days after sowing (DAS). Among the WMPs, hand-weeding (HW) at 20 and 40 DAS and application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by HW at 40 DAS resulted in significantly less weed dry weight with higher weed-control efficiency (WCE) at all the stages of growth. The CT recorded higher seed yield (4.78 t/ha), followed by MT and ZT. However, HW at 20 and 40 DAS resulted higher seed yield (5.76 t/ha) which was at par with application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by (fb) HW at 40 DAS (5.07 t/ha). The seed yield in HW and atrazine-applied plots was 146 and 117% higher than the weedy check. Higher energy-use efficiency (EUE) and energy productivity with less specific energy and energy intensiveness were recorded in MT (7.40, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.24 MJ/kg and 0.300 MJ/`) indicating, efficient energy utilization by MT than ZT and CT. Among WMPs, application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha fb HW at 40 DAS recorded EUE of 9.56, energy productivity of 0.65 kg/MJ, specific energy of 1.56 MJ/kg and energy intensiveness of 0.294 MJ/`.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had minimum weed dry matter at 60 DAS, 4.9 g/m2.
- Treatment
- conventional tillage (CT)e0
- Outcome
- weed dry-matter productione0
- Direction
- minimume0
- Value
- 4.9 g/m2e0
- Comparator
- minimum tillage (MT)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“minimum weed dry-matter production (4.9 g/m2 ) in conventional tillage (CT) followed by 5.5 g/m2 dry-matter in minimum tillage (MT) and 5.9 g/m2 in zero tillage (ZT) at 60 days after sowing (DAS).”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage had 5.5 g/m2 weed dry matter at 60 DAS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“5.5 g/m2 dry-matter in minimum tillage (MT) and 5.9 g/m2 in zero tillage (ZT) at 60 days after sowing (DAS).”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage had 5.9 g/m2 weed dry matter at 60 DAS.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“5.9 g/m2 in zero tillage (ZT) at 60 days after sowing (DAS).”
e1“minimum weed dry-matter production (4.9 g/m2 ) in conventional tillage (CT) followed by 5.5 g/m2 dry-matter in minimum tillage (MT) and 5.9 g/m2 in zero tillage (ZT) at 60 days after sowing (DAS).”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS significantly reduced weed dry weight and increased weed control efficiency.
- Treatment
- hand-weeding (HW) at 20 and 40 DASe0
- Outcome
- weed dry weight with higher weed-control efficiency (WCE)e0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hand-weeding (HW) at 20 and 40 DAS and application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by HW at 40 DAS resulted in significantly less weed dry weight with higher weed-control efficiency (WCE) at all the stages of growth.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by hand weeding significantly reduced weed dry weight and increased weed control efficiency.
- Treatment
- application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by HW at 40 DASe0
- Outcome
- weed dry weight with higher weed-control efficiency (WCE)e0
- Direction
- lesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by HW at 40 DAS resulted in significantly less weed dry weight with higher weed-control efficiency (WCE) at all the stages of growth.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage produced the highest seed yield, 4.78 t/ha.
- Treatment
- conventional tillage (CT)e1
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 4.78 t/hae0
- Comparator
- MT and ZTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The CT recorded higher seed yield (4.78 t/ha), followed by MT and ZT.”
e1“conventional tillage (CT)”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS produced 5.76 t/ha seed yield.
- Treatment
- HW at 20 and 40 DASe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 5.76 t/hae0
- Comparator
- application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by (fb) HW at 40 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HW at 20 and 40 DAS resulted higher seed yield (5.76 t/ha) which was at par with application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by (fb) HW at 40 DAS (5.07 t/ha).”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by hand weeding yielded 5.07 t/ha, at par with hand weeding twice.
- Treatment
- application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by (fb) HW at 40 DASe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- at pare0
- Value
- 5.07 t/hae0
- Comparator
- HW at 20 and 40 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“HW at 20 and 40 DAS resulted higher seed yield (5.76 t/ha) which was at par with application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha followed by (fb) HW at 40 DAS (5.07 t/ha).”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding raised seed yield by 146% relative to the weedy check.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed yield in HW and atrazine-applied plots was 146 and 117% higher than the weedy check.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine application raised seed yield by 117% relative to the weedy check.
- Treatment
- atrazine-applied plotse0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 117%e0
- Comparator
- weedy checke0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The seed yield in HW and atrazine-applied plots was 146 and 117% higher than the weedy check.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage achieved energy-use efficiency of 7.40.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher energy-use efficiency (EUE) and energy productivity with less specific energy and energy intensiveness were recorded in MT (7.40, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.24 MJ/kg and 0.300 MJ/`)”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage achieved energy productivity of 0.50 kg/MJ.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher energy-use efficiency (EUE) and energy productivity with less specific energy and energy intensiveness were recorded in MT (7.40, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.24 MJ/kg and 0.300 MJ/`)”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage achieved specific energy of 2.24 MJ/kg.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher energy-use efficiency (EUE) and energy productivity with less specific energy and energy intensiveness were recorded in MT (7.40, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.24 MJ/kg and 0.300 MJ/`)”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Minimum tillage achieved energy intensiveness of 0.300 MJ/`.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher energy-use efficiency (EUE) and energy productivity with less specific energy and energy intensiveness were recorded in MT (7.40, 0.50 kg/MJ, 2.24 MJ/kg and 0.300 MJ/`)”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by hand weeding achieved energy-use efficiency of 9.56.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha fb HW at 40 DAS recorded EUE of 9.56, energy productivity of 0.65 kg/MJ, specific energy of 1.56 MJ/kg and energy intensiveness of 0.294 MJ/`.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by hand weeding achieved energy productivity of 0.65 kg/MJ.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha fb HW at 40 DAS recorded EUE of 9.56, energy productivity of 0.65 kg/MJ, specific energy of 1.56 MJ/kg and energy intensiveness of 0.294 MJ/`.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by hand weeding achieved specific energy of 1.56 MJ/kg.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha fb HW at 40 DAS recorded EUE of 9.56, energy productivity of 0.65 kg/MJ, specific energy of 1.56 MJ/kg and energy intensiveness of 0.294 MJ/`.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
Claim · model-written summary
Atrazine followed by hand weeding achieved energy intensiveness of 0.294 MJ/`.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of atrazine 1.0 kg a.i./ha fb HW at 40 DAS recorded EUE of 9.56, energy productivity of 0.65 kg/MJ, specific energy of 1.56 MJ/kg and energy intensiveness of 0.294 MJ/`.”
t0“hybrid maize (Zea mays)”
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