Abstract
A field experiment was conducted at New Delhi during rainy season (JulyOctober) of 2013, to determine the effect of sequential application of herbicides on weed growth and weed- control indices, productivity and profitabil- ity of greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. The experiment had 12 weed-control treatments, viz. pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha pre-emergence (PE), pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE followed by (fb) 1 hand-weeding (HW) at 30 days af- ter sowing (DAS), pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 50 g/ha post-emergence (PoE) at 30 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS, imazethapyr @ 50 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha at PoE at 20 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb quizalofop @ 50 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS, pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb quizalofop @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS, quizalofop @ 50 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, quizalofop @ 75 g/ha PoE at 20 DAS, weed free and weedy check. The treatments were randomly allocated in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The sequential application of herbicides was found to be more effective than their 1 time application in decreasing weed dry weight. pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), weed-control efficiency (75.2%), herbicide-efficiency index (4.5%), benefit: cost ratio (2.91), net return ( 41,167/ha) and lowest weed dry weight (6.0 g/m2) and weed index (8.3%). However, this treatment did not differ significantly from pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS indicating that sequential application of herbicides could be an efficient op- tion to manage weeds in greengram, particularly under labour-constrained conditions.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sequential herbicides reduced weed dry weight more than a single application.
- Taxon
- greengram
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiata var. radiatat0 - Treatment
- sequential application of herbicidese0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
- Comparator
- 1 time applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The sequential application of herbicides was found to be more effective than their 1 time application in decreasing weed dry weight”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin followed by hand weeding produced the highest seed yield of 1.1 t/ha.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.1 t/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha)”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The pendimethalin and hand weeding sequence gave the highest weed-control efficiency of 75.2%.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed-control efficiencye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 75.2%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), weed-control efficiency (75.2%)”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The pendimethalin and hand weeding sequence gave the highest herbicide-efficiency index of 4.5%.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe0
- Outcome
- herbicide-efficiency indexe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 4.5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), weed-control efficiency (75.2%), herbicide-efficiency index (4.5%)”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sequence yielded the highest benefit-cost ratio of 2.91.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe0
- Outcome
- benefit: cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 2.91e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), weed-control efficiency (75.2%), herbicide-efficiency index (4.5%), benefit: cost ratio (2.91)”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sequence produced the highest net return of 41,167/ha.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe0
- Outcome
- net returne0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 41,167/hae0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS resulted in the highest seed yield (1.1 t/ha), weed-control efficiency (75.2%), herbicide-efficiency index (4.5%), benefit: cost ratio (2.91), net return ( 41,167/ha)”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sequence gave the lowest weed dry weight of 6.0 g/m2.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe1
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed dry weighte0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 6.0 g/m2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest weed dry weight (6.0 g/m2) and weed index (8.3%)”
e1“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sequence gave the lowest weed index of 8.3%.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe1
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed indexe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 8.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lowest weed dry weight (6.0 g/m2) and weed index (8.3%)”
e1“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pendimethalin plus hand weeding did not significantly differ from pendimethalin plus imazethapyr.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatat0
- Treatment
- pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DASe1
- Outcome
- this treatmente0
- Direction
- did not differ significantlye0
- Comparator
- pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DASe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this treatment did not differ significantly from pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg/ha PE fb imazethapyr @ 75 g/ha PoE at 30 DAS”
e1“pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha PE fb 1 HW at 30 DAS”
t0“greengram (Vigna radiata)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identified sequential herbicides as an option for managing greengram weeds under labor constraints.
- Taxon
- greengramVigna radiata var. radiatae0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- manage weeds in greengrame0
- Qualifier
- under labour-constrained conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sequential application of herbicides could be an efficient op- tion to manage weeds in greengram, particularly under labour-constrained conditions”
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