Abstract
The imidazolinone group of herbicides generally work for controlling weeds by limiting the synthesis of the aceto-hydroxy-acid enzyme, which is linked to the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids in plant cells. The herbicide imazethapyr is from the class and the active ingredient of this herbicide is the same as other herbicides Contour, Hammer, Overtop, Passport, Pivot, Pursuit, Pursuit Plus, and Resolve. It is commonly used for controlling weeds in soybeans, alfalfa hay, corn, rice, peanuts, etc . Generally, the herbicide imazethapyr is safe and non-toxic for target crops and environmentally friendly when it is used at low concentration levels. Even though crops are extremely susceptible to herbicide treatment at the seedling stage, there have been no observations of its higher dose on lentils ( Lens culinaris Medik.) at that stage. The current study reports the consequence of imazethapyr treatment on phenolic acid and flavonoid contents along with the antioxidant activity of the phenolic extract. Imazethapyr treatment significantly increased the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), phenol oxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), in lentil seedlings at doses of 0 RFD, 0.5 RFD, 1 RFD, 1.25 RFD, 1.5 RFD, and 2 RFD. Application of imazethapyr resulted in the 3.2 to 26.31 and 4.57–27.85% increase in mean phenolic acid and flavonoid content, respectively, over control. However, the consequent fold increase in mean antioxidant activity under 2, 2- diphenylpicrylhdrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay system was in the range of 1.17–1.85 and 1.47–2.03%. Mean PAL and POD activities increased by 1.63 to 3.66 and 1.71 to 3.35-fold, respectively, in agreement with the rise in phenolic compounds, indicating that these enzyme’s activities were modulated in response to herbicide treatment. Following herbicide treatments, the mean thiol content also increased significantly in corroboration with the enhancement in GR activity in a dose-dependent approach. A similar increase in GST activity was also observed with increasing herbicide dose.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr significantly increased PAL, POD, GR and GST activities in lentil seedlings.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Organ / stage
- seedlingse0
- Treatment
- Imazethapyr treatmente0
- Outcome
- activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), phenol oxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- 0 RFDe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Imazethapyr treatment significantly increased the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), phenol oxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST), in lentil seedlings at doses of 0 RFD, 0.5 RFD, 1 RFD, 1.25 RFD, 1.5 RFD, and 2 RFD.”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr raised mean phenolic acid content by 3.2 to 26.31 over control.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- imazethapyre0
- Outcome
- mean phenolic acide0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 3.2 to 26.31e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of imazethapyr resulted in the 3.2 to 26.31 and 4.57–27.85% increase in mean phenolic acid and flavonoid content, respectively, over control.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Imazethapyr raised mean flavonoid content by 4.57–27.85% over control.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- imazethapyre0
- Outcome
- flavonoid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 4.57–27.85%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of imazethapyr resulted in the 3.2 to 26.31 and 4.57–27.85% increase in mean phenolic acid and flavonoid content, respectively, over control.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity increased 1.17–1.85 fold under DPPH assay.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- imazethapyre1
- Outcome
- mean antioxidant activity under 2, 2- diphenylpicrylhdrazyl (DPPH)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.17–1.85e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the consequent fold increase in mean antioxidant activity under 2, 2- diphenylpicrylhdrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay system was in the range of 1.17–1.85 and 1.47–2.03%.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
e1“The current study reports the consequence of imazethapyr treatment on phenolic acid and flavonoid contents along with the antioxidant activity of the phenolic extract.”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activity increased 1.47–2.03% in the FRAP assay.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- imazethapyre1
- Outcome
- mean antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 1.47–2.03%e0
- Qualifier
- ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, the consequent fold increase in mean antioxidant activity under 2, 2- diphenylpicrylhdrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay system was in the range of 1.17–1.85 and 1.47–2.03%.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
e1“The current study reports the consequence of imazethapyr treatment on phenolic acid and flavonoid contents along with the antioxidant activity of the phenolic extract.”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean PAL activity increased 1.63 to 3.66-fold after imazethapyr treatment.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmente0
- Gene
- PALe0
- Outcome
- PALe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.63 to 3.66e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean PAL and POD activities increased by 1.63 to 3.66 and 1.71 to 3.35-fold, respectively, in agreement with the rise in phenolic compounds, indicating that these enzyme’s activities were modulated in response to herbicide treatment.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean POD activity increased 1.71 to 3.35-fold after imazethapyr treatment.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmente0
- Gene
- PODe0
- Outcome
- POD activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.71 to 3.35-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean PAL and POD activities increased by 1.63 to 3.66 and 1.71 to 3.35-fold, respectively, in agreement with the rise in phenolic compounds, indicating that these enzyme’s activities were modulated in response to herbicide treatment.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Thiol content increased significantly after herbicide treatment.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Outcome
- mean thiol contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following herbicide treatments, the mean thiol content also increased significantly in corroboration with the enhancement in GR activity in a dose-dependent approach.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GR activity increased with dose after herbicide treatment.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- herbicide treatmentse0
- Gene
- GRe0
- Outcome
- GR activitye0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Following herbicide treatments, the mean thiol content also increased significantly in corroboration with the enhancement in GR activity in a dose-dependent approach.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
GST activity increased with increasing herbicide dose.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- increasing herbicide dosee0
- Gene
- GSTe0
- Outcome
- GST activitye0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A similar increase in GST activity was also observed with increasing herbicide dose.”
t0“lentil seedlings”
The same questions in other papers
herbicide · molecular: metabolites · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.