Abstract
Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in Sudan. Field studies were conducted to determine the yield loss due to weeds, to identify the critical period of weed interference, to evaluate the activity of different herbicide mixtures in controlling weeds and their selectivity for lentil, and to evaluate different methods of weed control for developing an integrated weed management practice. At Rubatab, unrestricted weed growth accounted for up to 84% loss in yield. The critical period of weed control was between 2 and 4 weeks after sowing. However, a weeding regime experiment at Dongola, a cooler location with a longer growing season, indicated that the critical period was between 4 and 6 weeks after sowing, suggesting that the critical period might vary with the environmental conditions. The herbicides imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)), each in a tank mixture with pendimethalin (1.2 kg a.i. ha(-1)), were tolerated by lentil, controlled weeds effectively and significantly increased yields at Wad Hamid. Their efficacy in controlling weeds at Rubatab was low, however, because of the presence of Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC. and Melilotus indica (L.) All., which tolerated these herbicides. Efficacy was also reduced, in heavier soils. One supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowing enhanced the performance of these herbicides under such conditions. A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) with either terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) or prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) also provided good weed control and increased yield of lentil at Wad Hamid. Application of a higher dose (1.5 kg a.i. ha(-1)) of terbutryn and prometryn caused phytotoxicity. Irrigation before seed-bed preparation reduced grass and broad-leaved weeds by 58% and 40% respectively, and gave a 30% increase in grain yield over no irrigation. Pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and a supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowing gave excellent control of weeds and increased lentil yield by 57% over the weedy control. Thus, use of presowing irrigation, pre-emergence herbicide and one hand-weeding form an effective integrated package for controlling weeds in northern Sudan.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Unrestricted weed growth caused up to 84% loss in lentil yield at Rubatab.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- loss in yielde1
- Value
- up to 84%e1
- Setting
- Rubatabe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“At Rubatab, unrestricted weed growth accounted for up to 84% loss in yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical period of weed control at Rubatab was between 2 and 4 weeks after sowing.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- critical period of weed controle2
- Value
- between 2 and 4 weeks after sowinge2
- Setting
- Rubatabe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“At Rubatab, unrestricted weed growth accounted for up to 84% loss in yield”
e2“The critical period of weed control was between 2 and 4 weeks after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
The critical period of weed control at Dongola, a cooler location with a longer growing season, was between 4 and 6 weeks after sowing.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Interactor
- Weedse0weed
- Outcome
- critical periode3
- Value
- between 4 and 6 weeks after sowinge3
- Qualifier
- a cooler location with a longer growing seasone3
- Setting
- Dongolae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e3“a weeding regime experiment at Dongola, a cooler location with a longer growing season, indicated that the critical period was between 4 and 6 weeks after sowing”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide mixtures imazethapyr, terbutryn and prometryn, each with pendimethalin, were tolerated by lentil.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1))e4
- Outcome
- toleratede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e4“The herbicides imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)), each in a tank mixture with pendimethalin (1.2 kg a.i. ha(-1)), were tolerated by lentil, controlled weeds effectively and significantly increased yields at Wad Hamid”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide mixtures controlled weeds effectively at Wad Hamid.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1))e4
- Interactor
- weedse4weed
- Outcome
- controlled weeds effectivelye4
- Setting
- Wad Hamide4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e4“The herbicides imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)), each in a tank mixture with pendimethalin (1.2 kg a.i. ha(-1)), were tolerated by lentil, controlled weeds effectively and significantly increased yields at Wad Hamid”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicide mixtures significantly increased lentil yields at Wad Hamid.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1))e4
- Outcome
- yieldse4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Setting
- Wad Hamide4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e4“The herbicides imazethapyr (0.05 kg a.i. ha(-1)), terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)), each in a tank mixture with pendimethalin (1.2 kg a.i. ha(-1)), were tolerated by lentil, controlled weeds effectively and significantly increased yields at Wad Hamid”
Claim · model-written summary
Efficacy of the herbicides in controlling weeds at Rubatab was low, because Tephrosia apollinea and Melilotus indica tolerated them.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- these herbicidese5
- Interactor
- Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC.
_(2957741067).jpg?width=60)
Tephrosia purpurea subsp. apollineae5weed - Second interactor
- Melilotus indica (L.) All.
Melilotus indicuse5weed - Outcome
- efficacy in controlling weedse5
- Direction
- lowe5
- Setting
- Rubatabe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_(2957741067).jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e5“Their efficacy in controlling weeds at Rubatab was low, however, because of the presence of Tephrosia apollinea (Del.) DC. and Melilotus indica (L.) All., which tolerated these herbicides”
Claim · model-written summary
Efficacy of the herbicides was reduced in heavier soils.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Outcome
- Efficacye6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Setting
- heavier soilse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e6“Efficacy was also reduced, in heavier soils”
Claim · model-written summary
One supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowing enhanced the performance of the herbicides under heavier-soil conditions.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- One supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowinge7
- Outcome
- performance of these herbicidese7
- Direction
- enhancede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e7“One supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowing enhanced the performance of these herbicides under such conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen with terbutryn or prometryn gave good weed control at Wad Hamid.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) with either terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) or prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1))e1
- Outcome
- weed controle1
- Qualifier
- goode1
- Setting
- Wad Hamide1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) with either terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) or prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) also provided good weed control and increased yield of lentil at Wad Hamid”
Claim · model-written summary
The tank mixture of oxyfluorfen with terbutryn or prometryn increased lentil yield at Wad Hamid.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) with either terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) or prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1))e1
- Outcome
- yield of lentile1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- Wad Hamide1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“A tank mixture of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) with either terbutryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) or prometryn (1.0 kg a.i. ha(-1)) also provided good weed control and increased yield of lentil at Wad Hamid”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher dose (1.5 kg a.i. ha(-1)) of terbutryn and prometryn caused phytotoxicity in lentil.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- higher dose (1.5 kg a.i. ha(-1)) of terbutryn and prometryne1
- Outcome
- phytotoxicitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“Application of a higher dose (1.5 kg a.i. ha(-1)) of terbutryn and prometryn caused phytotoxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation before seed-bed preparation reduced grass weeds by 58%.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Irrigation before seed-bed preparatione2
- Interactor
- grasse2weed
- Outcome
- grasse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 58%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e2“Irrigation before seed-bed preparation reduced grass and broad-leaved weeds by 58% and 40% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation before seed-bed preparation reduced broad-leaved weeds by 40%.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Irrigation before seed-bed preparatione2
- Interactor
- broad-leaved weedse2weed
- Outcome
- broad-leaved weedse2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 40%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e2“Irrigation before seed-bed preparation reduced grass and broad-leaved weeds by 58% and 40% respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation before seed-bed preparation gave a 30% increase in lentil grain yield over no irrigation.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Irrigation before seed-bed preparatione1
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 30%e2
- Comparator
- no irrigatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“Irrigation before seed-bed preparation”
e2“gave a 30% increase in grain yield over no irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence oxyfluorfen with one supplementary hand-weeding gave excellent weed control in lentil.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and a supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowinge1
- Outcome
- control of weedse1
- Qualifier
- excellente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“Pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and a supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowing gave excellent control of weeds and increased lentil yield by 57% over the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence oxyfluorfen with one supplementary hand-weeding increased lentil yield by 57% over the weedy control.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- Pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and a supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowinge1
- Outcome
- lentil yielde1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 57%e1
- Comparator
- weedy controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“Pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (0.24 kg a.i. ha(-1)) and a supplementary hand-weeding at 4 weeks after sowing gave excellent control of weeds and increased lentil yield by 57% over the weedy control”
Claim · model-written summary
Presowing irrigation, pre-emergence herbicide and one hand-weeding form an effective integrated package for controlling weeds in northern Sudan.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- use of presowing irrigation, pre-emergence herbicide and one hand-weedinge1
- Outcome
- controlling weedse1
- Setting
- northern Sudane1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds are a major constraint to increasing production of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
e1“Thus, use of presowing irrigation, pre-emergence herbicide and one hand-weeding form an effective integrated package for controlling weeds in northern Sudan”
The same questions in other papers
Oxyfluorfen · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
Imazethapyr · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- negative
- no effect
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →terbutryn · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
prometryn · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
irrigation · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results differ
28 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
28 papers more in this group
See all 32 papers →herbicide · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results differ
35 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- no effect
- negative
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →irrigation · weed · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · molecular: metabolites · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.