Abstract
Reusing sewage sludge as a mode of nutrients and an organic amendment may be a viable choice for the appropriate treatment of organic waste. This study examined the impact of symbiotic microbes such as Rhizobium and two selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Funneliformis caledonius (Nicolson & Gerd.) and Glomus bagyarajii (Mehrotra), on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, biochemical content, microbial population, and heavy metal uptake in lentil plants grown in soil mixed with 20 % sewage sludge. Lentil seeds were inoculated with Rhizobium prior to sowing and with either of the AMF ( Funneliformis caledonius or Glomus bagyarajii ) in pots filled with soil-sewage sludge mixture. The results showed that the tested microbial inoculum enhanced the growth and productivity of lentil plants. Lentil plants inoculated with Rhizobium and AMF had better nodulation and root colonization, leading to an increase in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) content and a decrease in the stress marker, proline, in plant parts. In addition, the inoculated microbes also improved the photosynthetic and biochemical contents of the plant. Lentil plants grown in sewage sludge-amended soil when inoculated with Rhizobium and either of AMF were found to be more effective in accumulating Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the roots, while restricting their translocation to the above-ground parts of the plant, thereby improving plant health. Overall, the study outcomes provide evidence that Rhizobium and AMF have the potential to tolerate heavy metal stress caused by the addition of sewage sludge to soil, which has important implications for sustainable agriculture practices. The study also highlights the importance of microbial inoculants, such as Rhizobium and AMF in enhancing growth and yield, particularly under heavy metal stress in economically important lentil.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation enhanced lentil growth and productivity.
- Taxon
- lentil plants
Lens culinarise0 - Treatment
- tested microbial inoculume0
- Outcome
- growth and productivitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the tested microbial inoculum enhanced the growth and productivity of lentil plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium and AMF improved nodulation and root colonization.
- Taxon
- Lentil plantsLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Rhizobium and AMFe0
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nodulation and root colonizatione0
- Direction
- bettere0
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lentil plants inoculated with Rhizobium and AMF had better nodulation and root colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased lentil NPK content.
- Taxon
- Lentil plantsLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Rhizobium and AMFe0
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lentil plants inoculated with Rhizobium and AMF had better nodulation and root colonization, leading to an increase in the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation decreased proline in plant parts.
- Taxon
- lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)Lens culinarist0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in the stress marker, proline, in plant parts”
t0“lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation improved photosynthetic and biochemical contents.
- Taxon
- lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)Lens culinarist0
- Treatment
- inoculated microbese0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic and biochemical contentse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculated microbes also improved the photosynthetic and biochemical contents of the plant”
t0“lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium and AMF increased root heavy metal accumulation.
- Taxon
- lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)Lens culinarist0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Rhizobium and either of AMFe0
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- accumulating Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the rootse0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculated with Rhizobium and either of AMF were found to be more effective in accumulating Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the roots”
t0“lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium and AMF restricted heavy metal translocation above ground.
- Taxon
- lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)Lens culinarist0
- Treatment
- inoculated with Rhizobium and either of AMFe0
- Second interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- translocation to the above-ground partse0
- Direction
- restrictinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculated with Rhizobium and either of AMF were found to be more effective in accumulating Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the roots, while restricting their translocation to the above-ground parts of the plant”
t0“lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation improved lentil health.
- Taxon
- lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)Lens culinarist0
- Outcome
- plant healthe0
- Direction
- improvinge0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“thereby improving plant health”
t0“lentil plants (Lens culinaris Medik.)”
The same questions in other papers
Rhizobium · nutrient: content · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Rhizobium · molecular: metabolites · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Rhizobium · disease · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
inoculation · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results differ
64 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
65 papers more in this group
See all 69 papers →mycorrhiza · disease · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
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See all 6 papers →inoculation · disease · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
9 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
14 papers more in this group
See all 18 papers →inoculation · nutrient: content · Lens culinaris (lentil)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.