Abstract
• Salt stress severely hampers lentil growth and photosynthesis. • Rhizobium inoculation mitigates salt stress by antioxidant defense system. • Enhances photosynthetic pigments and leghemoglobin content, improving nitrogen fixation and plant metabolism under salinity. • Promotes ACC deaminase activity and IAA production, enhancing root architecture and nutrient uptake. Agricultural soil contamination, particularly salinization, poses a significant and growing threat to global crop productivity, thereby necessitating the development of sustainable strategies to mitigate its adverse effects. This study investigates the potential of Rhizobium inoculation to alleviate the detrimental impact of salinity stress on Lens culinaris . Rhizobium plays a crucial role in legume development through symbiotic nitrogen fixation and may also enhance plant growth under stress conditions by engaging in complex biochemical interactions. However, research on its ability to activate abiotic stress signaling pathways and induce physiological changes in plants remains limited. To address this, L. culinaris plants were subjected to varying concentrations of NaCl (50 mM and 150 mM) at 20 days post-germination, with and without Rhizobium inoculation. For inoculation, 100 g of jaggery or sugar was dissolved in 500 ml of water, boiled, cooled, and then used to mix the Rhizobium culture. This mixture was used to coat lentil seeds, which were air-dried in the shade before sowing. Salt stress significantly reduced plant growth, physiological parameters, and yield. In contrast, Rhizobium inoculation improved reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance and enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 21.0%, catalase (CAT) by 11.34%, and peroxidase (POD) by 10.43%. Additionally, photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were increased by 10.08%, stomatal conductance was improved, and leghemoglobin content rose by 15.90%. Protein and proline levels were elevated by 18.31% and 32.57%, respectively. Moreover, membrane stability was enhanced, sodium accumulation was reduced, and overall yield and stomatal behavior were optimized under saline conditions. Rhizobium inoculation also directly supported ACC deaminase (ACCD) activity and increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in both plant tissues and bacterial isolates. These findings underscore the potential of Rhizobium in mitigating salt-induced damage in L. culinaris by modulating antioxidant enzyme systems, enhancing photosynthetic performance, and promoting redox homeostasis.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced lentil growth, physiological parameters and yield.
- Taxon
- Lens culinaris
Lens culinarist0 - Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- plant growth, physiological parameters, and yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress significantly reduced plant growth, physiological parameters, and yield.”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation improved ROS balance.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione0
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) balancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
RhizobiumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium inoculation improved reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation enhanced superoxide dismutase activity by 21.0%.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 21.0%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 21.0%”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation enhanced catalase activity by 11.34%.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 11.34%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 21.0%, catalase (CAT) by 11.34%”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation enhanced peroxidase activity by 10.43%.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 10.43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the activities of key antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 21.0%, catalase (CAT) by 11.34%, and peroxidase (POD) by 10.43%”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content increased by 10.08% with Rhizobium inoculation.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.08%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content were increased by 10.08%”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation improved stomatal conductance.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stomatal conductance was improved”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Leghemoglobin content rose by 15.90% with Rhizobium inoculation.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- leghemoglobin contente0
- Direction
- rosee0
- Value
- 15.90%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leghemoglobin content rose by 15.90%”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Protein levels rose by 18.31% with Rhizobium inoculation.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- Proteine0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 18.31%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and proline levels were elevated by 18.31% and 32.57%, respectively”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Proline levels rose by 32.57% with Rhizobium inoculation.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- proline levelse0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Value
- 32.57%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Protein and proline levels were elevated by 18.31% and 32.57%, respectively”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation enhanced membrane stability.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“membrane stability was enhanced”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation reduced sodium accumulation.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- sodium accumulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sodium accumulation was reduced”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation optimized yield and stomatal behavior under salinity.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione1
- Outcome
- overall yield and stomatal behaviore0
- Direction
- optimizede0
- Qualifier
- under saline conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“overall yield and stomatal behavior were optimized under saline conditions”
e1“Rhizobium inoculation improved”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation supported ACC deaminase activity.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione0
- Outcome
- ACC deaminase (ACCD) activitye0
- Direction
- supportede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium inoculation also directly supported ACC deaminase (ACCD) activity”
t0“Lens culinaris”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizobium inoculation increased IAA production in plant tissues and bacterial isolates.
- Taxon
- Lens culinarisLens culinarist0
- Treatment
- Rhizobium inoculatione0
- Outcome
- indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- in both plant tissues and bacterial isolatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Rhizobium inoculation also directly supported ACC deaminase (ACCD) activity and increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in both plant tissues and bacterial isolates”
t0“Lens culinaris”
The same questions in other papers
Rhizobium · molecular: metabolites · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Rhizobium · quality: protein · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Rhizobium · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
39 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
36 papers more in this group
See all 40 papers →inoculation · yield · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results differ
64 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
65 papers more in this group
See all 69 papers →inoculation · physiology: oxidative · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · physiology: osmolytes · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · physiology: photosynthesis · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
inoculation · molecular: metabolites · Lens culinaris (lentil)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.