Abstract
Abstract Heavy metal contamination is an increasingly pressing global ecological concern adversely affecting plant growth. Phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and low-cost approach to help solve this problem by using plants to remove metals. This study aimed to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of four Plantago species, exposing them to different concentrations (0, 150, 300, 600 and 900 ppm) of zinc, copper, and iron during germination and early seedling growth. These are generally the phases of the plant life cycle most sensitive to stress. The germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), radicle, hypocotyl and cotyledons length, biomass, water content and tolerance index (TI) were recorded under controlled conditions. The results indicated that metal-induced stress significantly reduced GP, increased MGT, and inhibited seedling growth with increased metal concentration. The relative toxicity of the tested metals could be ranked as Fe > Cu > Zn. Regarding the Plantago species, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata could be considered highly tolerant, P. albicans moderately tolerant, and P. afra low-tolerant to metal toxicity during germination. Therefore, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata present an excellent potential for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated zones.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing metal concentration significantly reduced germination percentage.
- Treatment
- metal-induced stresse0
- Outcome
- GPe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- increased metal concentratione0
PlantagoNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that metal-induced stress significantly reduced GP, increased MGT, and inhibited seedling growth with increased metal concentration.”
t0“Plantago”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing metal concentration significantly increased mean germination time.
- Treatment
- metal-induced stresse0
- Outcome
- MGTe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- increased metal concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that metal-induced stress significantly reduced GP, increased MGT, and inhibited seedling growth with increased metal concentration.”
t0“Plantago”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing metal concentration inhibited seedling growth.
- Treatment
- metal-induced stresse0
- Outcome
- seedling growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- increased metal concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results indicated that metal-induced stress significantly reduced GP, increased MGT, and inhibited seedling growth with increased metal concentration.”
t0“Plantago”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron was most toxic, then copper, then zinc.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The relative toxicity of the tested metals could be ranked as Fe > Cu > Zn.”
t0“Plantago”
Claim · model-written summary
P. tunetana was highly tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.
- Taxon
- P. tunetanaPlantago tunetanae0
- Outcome
- highly tolerante0
- Qualifier
- metal toxicity during germinatione0
Verbatim
e0“Regarding the Plantago species, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata could be considered highly tolerant, P. albicans moderately tolerant, and P. afra low-tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. lanceolata was highly tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolata
Plantago lanceolatae0 - Outcome
- highly tolerante0
- Qualifier
- metal toxicity during germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding the Plantago species, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata could be considered highly tolerant, P. albicans moderately tolerant, and P. afra low-tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. albicans was moderately tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.
- Taxon
- P. albicans
Plantago albicanse0 - Outcome
- moderately tolerante0
- Qualifier
- metal toxicity during germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding the Plantago species, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata could be considered highly tolerant, P. albicans moderately tolerant, and P. afra low-tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
P. afra had low tolerance to metal toxicity during germination.
- Taxon
- P. afra
Plantago afrae0 - Outcome
- low-tolerante0
- Qualifier
- metal toxicity during germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regarding the Plantago species, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata could be considered highly tolerant, P. albicans moderately tolerant, and P. afra low-tolerant to metal toxicity during germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify P. tunetana as having excellent potential for phytoremediation.
- Taxon
- P. tunetanaPlantago tunetanae0
- Outcome
- excellent potential for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated zonese0
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata present an excellent potential for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated zones.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify P. lanceolata as having excellent potential for phytoremediation.
- Taxon
- P. lanceolataPlantago lanceolatae0
- Outcome
- excellent potential for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated zonese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Therefore, P. tunetana and P. lanceolata present an excellent potential for phytoremediation of metal-contaminated zones.”