Abstract
The use of advanced resource conservation techniques is the need of time for higher crop production under the challenges of water scarcity and climate change. The present study was planned (1) to evaluate different plant spacing of corn, sown under raised bed planting (RBP) for higher productivity, (2) calibrate APSIM model for experimental treatments and (3) simulate future (2022–2100) crop response under different scenarios of climate change. The two-year research experiments were conducted on corn with four different plant spacings (S1:15 cm, S2:17.5 cm, S3:20 cm and S4:22.5 cm) under RBP. The crop response was evaluated in terms of leaf area index (LAI), plant height, flowering date, grains per cob, grain yield, biomass yield, harvest index (HI) and water productivity. The S1 treatment produced the highest productivity in terms of grain yield (7.16 Mg/hm2), biomass yield (16.57 Mg/hm2), HI (0.44) and water productivity (1.33 kg/m3). APSIM model was calibrated and its ability to simulate crop response during validation was confirmed from the values of RMSE, NRMSE, R2, CRM and NSE as 0.4, 0.21, 0.83, 0.04 and 0.68 for grain yield. The RMSE and NRMSE were 0.79 and 0.14 for biomass yield. The value of R2 ranged from 0.69 to 0.85, CRM from –0.03 to 0.005, NSE from 0.69 to 0.86 for biomass yield, plant height and LAI. During scenario simulations, the model run was performed against different plant spacing for optimization and results revealed that 10 cm plant spacing produced highest corn yield and growth parameters. Further simulations (2022–2100) were performed using climatic data, acquired from different general circulation model (GCMs) for two rcps (4.5 and 8.5) and results revealed the reduction in grain and biomass yields by 8–14 % and 10–28 %, respectively against different data sources (GCMs). Optimized plant spacing (10 cm) under RBP produced 35.5 % more grain yield and 29.3 % more biomass yield than that under control treatment (ridge-furrow system). Based on the research findings, it is recommended that conservation technique like RBP needs to be adopted in semi-arid regions to mitigate the impact of climate change in terms of future temperature rise for better corn production.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 cm spacing, corn grain yield was highest at 7.16 Mg/hm2.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- S1:15 cme1
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 7.16 Mg/hm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The S1 treatment produced the highest productivity in terms of grain yield (7.16 Mg/hm2), biomass yield (16.57 Mg/hm2), HI (0.44) and water productivity (1.33 kg/m3).”
e1“S1:15 cm, S2:17.5 cm, S3:20 cm and S4:22.5 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 cm spacing, corn biomass yield was highest at 16.57 Mg/hm2.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- S1:15 cme1
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 16.57 Mg/hm2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The S1 treatment produced the highest productivity in terms of grain yield (7.16 Mg/hm2), biomass yield (16.57 Mg/hm2), HI (0.44) and water productivity (1.33 kg/m3).”
e1“S1:15 cm, S2:17.5 cm, S3:20 cm and S4:22.5 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 cm spacing, corn harvest index was highest at 0.44.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The S1 treatment produced the highest productivity in terms of grain yield (7.16 Mg/hm2), biomass yield (16.57 Mg/hm2), HI (0.44) and water productivity (1.33 kg/m3).”
e1“S1:15 cm, S2:17.5 cm, S3:20 cm and S4:22.5 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 cm spacing, corn water productivity was highest at 1.33 kg/m3.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- S1:15 cme1
- Outcome
- water productivitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1.33 kg/m3e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The S1 treatment produced the highest productivity in terms of grain yield (7.16 Mg/hm2), biomass yield (16.57 Mg/hm2), HI (0.44) and water productivity (1.33 kg/m3).”
e1“S1:15 cm, S2:17.5 cm, S3:20 cm and S4:22.5 cm”
Claim · model-written summary
APSIM grain-yield validation had RMSE 0.4, NRMSE 0.21, R2 0.83, CRM 0.04 and NSE 0.68.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Value
- 0.4, 0.21, 0.83, 0.04 and 0.68e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“APSIM model was calibrated and its ability to simulate crop response during validation was confirmed from the values of RMSE, NRMSE, R2, CRM and NSE as 0.4, 0.21, 0.83, 0.04 and 0.68 for grain yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
APSIM biomass-yield validation had RMSE 0.79 and NRMSE 0.14.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Value
- 0.79 and 0.14e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The RMSE and NRMSE were 0.79 and 0.14 for biomass yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
APSIM validation reported R2 of 0.69 to 0.85 across biomass, height and LAI.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- R2e0
- Value
- 0.69 to 0.85e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The value of R2 ranged from 0.69 to 0.85, CRM from –0.03 to 0.005, NSE from 0.69 to 0.86 for biomass yield, plant height and LAI.”
Claim · model-written summary
APSIM validation reported CRM of –0.03 to 0.005 across biomass, height and LAI.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- CRMe0
- Value
- –0.03 to 0.005e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The value of R2 ranged from 0.69 to 0.85, CRM from –0.03 to 0.005, NSE from 0.69 to 0.86 for biomass yield, plant height and LAI.”
Claim · model-written summary
APSIM validation reported NSE of 0.69 to 0.86 across biomass, height and LAI.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- NSEe0
- Value
- 0.69 to 0.86e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“The value of R2 ranged from 0.69 to 0.85, CRM from –0.03 to 0.005, NSE from 0.69 to 0.86 for biomass yield, plant height and LAI.”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulations found 10 cm spacing gave highest corn yield and growth parameters.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- 10 cm plant spacinge0
- Outcome
- corn yield and growth parameterse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“results revealed that 10 cm plant spacing produced highest corn yield and growth parameters.”
Claim · model-written summary
Future climate scenarios projected grain yield reductions of 8–14 %.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- two rcps (4.5 and 8.5)e0
- Outcome
- graine0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 8–14 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2022–2100e0
- Comparator
- different data sources (GCMs)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“Further simulations (2022–2100) were performed using climatic data, acquired from different general circulation model (GCMs) for two rcps (4.5 and 8.5) and results revealed the reduction in grain and biomass yields by 8–14 % and 10–28 %, respectively against different data sources (GCMs).”
Claim · model-written summary
Future climate scenarios projected biomass yield reductions of 10–28 %.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- two rcps (4.5 and 8.5)e0
- Outcome
- biomass yieldse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10–28 %e0
- Qualifier
- 2022–2100e0
- Comparator
- different data sources (GCMs)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“Further simulations (2022–2100) were performed using climatic data, acquired from different general circulation model (GCMs) for two rcps (4.5 and 8.5) and results revealed the reduction in grain and biomass yields by 8–14 % and 10–28 %, respectively against different data sources (GCMs).”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized 10 cm raised-bed planting increased grain yield 35.5 % versus ridge-furrow.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- plant spacing (10 cm) under RBPe0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 35.5 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge-furrow systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“Optimized plant spacing (10 cm) under RBP produced 35.5 % more grain yield and 29.3 % more biomass yield than that under control treatment (ridge-furrow system).”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized 10 cm raised-bed planting increased biomass yield 29.3 % versus ridge-furrow.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- plant spacing (10 cm) under RBPe0
- Outcome
- biomass yielde0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- 29.3 %e0
- Comparator
- ridge-furrow systeme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“Optimized plant spacing (10 cm) under RBP produced 35.5 % more grain yield and 29.3 % more biomass yield than that under control treatment (ridge-furrow system).”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend raised-bed planting in semi-arid regions for corn production under warming.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- RBP needs to be adopted in semi-arid regionse0
- Setting
- semi-arid regionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“corn production”
e0“it is recommended that conservation technique like RBP needs to be adopted in semi-arid regions to mitigate the impact of climate change in terms of future temperature rise for better corn production.”
The same questions in other papers
density · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
518 papers in the same direction as this paper · 132 in the opposite direction · 7 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- positive
654 papers more in this group
See all 658 papers →tillage · yield · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
811 papers in the same direction as this paper · 230 in the opposite direction · 57 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
1,095 papers more in this group
See all 1,099 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.