Abstract
Pea ( Pisum sativum ) dominant for the fundamental color gene A showed a high level of resistance to Globisporangium ultimum (formerly Pythium ultimum ) seed rot. Reciprocal crosses demonstrated that, with our materials, such resistance was associated with the testa (seedcoat) phenotype but not the embryo phenotype. Dominance of A over a was complete for this trait. Neither wrinkled seed form ( r ) nor green cotyledons ( i ) diminished resistance when A was dominant, although both recessive alleles diminished resistance when seeds were borne on white-flowering ( a ) plants. The product of the A gene functions in the pathway leading to flavonoids, including proanthocyanidins (PAs) and anthocyanidins. We found that resistance to G. ultimum seed rot was closely associated with not only dominant A but also testa PAs and testa sclerenchyma. Even A testas that lacked anthocyanins but contained PAs and sclerenchyma showed a high level of seed rot resistance. Moreover, a mutation removing PAs and sclerenchyma in a narrow zone from the hilum to the radicle markedly increased susceptibility. The PAs in pea testas were predominantly prodelphinidins in seeds from purple-flowered plants ( A B ) and procyanidins from pink-flowered plants ( A b ). Compared with procyanidins, prodelphinidins have higher antioxidant activity but are more likely to sequester iron, a particular concern with dry pea. Although A B testas were more resistant than A b to seed rot, the difference seemed too slight to militate against growing pink-flowered pea. We stressed the need for more histological comparisons of A B and A b testas, and we indicated that genes and their phenotypic effects examined during the current study could be useful for modeling biosynthesis of PAs and related cell walls.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Pea carrying dominant A showed high seed rot resistance.
- Taxon
- Pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Interactor
- Globisporangium ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Gene
- Ae0
- Outcome
- resistance to Globisporangium ultimum (formerly Pythium ultimum ) seed rote0
- Direction
- high levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pea ( Pisum sativum ) dominant for the fundamental color gene A showed a high level of resistance to Globisporangium ultimum (formerly Pythium ultimum ) seed rot.”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance was associated with testa phenotype.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Reciprocal crosses demonstrated that, with our materials, such resistance was associated with the testa (seedcoat) phenotype but not the embryo phenotype.”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance was not associated with embryo phenotype.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Reciprocal crosses demonstrated that, with our materials, such resistance was associated with the testa (seedcoat) phenotype but not the embryo phenotype.”
Claim · model-written summary
A was completely dominant over a for resistance.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Dominance of A over a was complete for this trait.”
Claim · model-written summary
Wrinkled seed form did not diminish resistance when A was dominant.
Verbatim
e0“Neither wrinkled seed form ( r ) nor green cotyledons ( i ) diminished resistance when A was dominant, although both recessive alleles diminished resistance when seeds were borne on white-flowering ( a ) plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Green cotyledons did not diminish resistance when A was dominant.
Verbatim
e0“Neither wrinkled seed form ( r ) nor green cotyledons ( i ) diminished resistance when A was dominant, although both recessive alleles diminished resistance when seeds were borne on white-flowering ( a ) plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The r recessive allele diminished resistance in seeds borne on white-flowering plants.
Verbatim
e0“Neither wrinkled seed form ( r ) nor green cotyledons ( i ) diminished resistance when A was dominant, although both recessive alleles diminished resistance when seeds were borne on white-flowering ( a ) plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
The i recessive allele diminished resistance in seeds borne on white-flowering plants.
Verbatim
e0“Neither wrinkled seed form ( r ) nor green cotyledons ( i ) diminished resistance when A was dominant, although both recessive alleles diminished resistance when seeds were borne on white-flowering ( a ) plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rot resistance was closely associated with testa proanthocyanidins.
- Organ / stage
- testae0
- Interactor
- G. ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Compound
- PAse0
- Outcome
- resistance to G. ultimum seed rote0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“We found that resistance to G. ultimum seed rot was closely associated with not only dominant A but also testa PAs and testa sclerenchyma.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed rot resistance was closely associated with testa sclerenchyma.
- Organ / stage
- testa sclerenchymae0
- Interactor
- G. ultimumGlobisporangium ultimume0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to G. ultimum seed rote0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“We found that resistance to G. ultimum seed rot was closely associated with not only dominant A but also testa PAs and testa sclerenchyma.”
Claim · model-written summary
A testas lacking anthocyanins but containing PAs and sclerenchyma had high seed rot resistance.
- Organ / stage
- testase0
- Gene
- Ae0
- Outcome
- high level of seed rot resistancee0
- Qualifier
- lacked anthocyanins but contained PAs and sclerenchymae0
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“Even A testas that lacked anthocyanins but contained PAs and sclerenchyma showed a high level of seed rot resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
A mutation removing PAs and sclerenchyma near the hilum markedly increased susceptibility.
- Organ / stage
- hilum to the radiclee0
- Outcome
- susceptibilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- a mutation removing PAs and sclerenchymae0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, a mutation removing PAs and sclerenchyma in a narrow zone from the hilum to the radicle markedly increased susceptibility.”
Claim · model-written summary
Testa PAs were predominantly prodelphinidins in purple-flowered seeds.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Material
- purple-flowered plantse0
- Organ / stage
- testase0
- Outcome
- predominantly prodelphinidinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PAs in pea testas were predominantly prodelphinidins in seeds from purple-flowered plants ( A B ) and procyanidins from pink-flowered plants ( A b ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Testa PAs were predominantly procyanidins in pink-flowered seeds.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Material
- pink-flowered plantse0
- Organ / stage
- testase0
- Outcome
- procyanidinse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PAs in pea testas were predominantly prodelphinidins in seeds from purple-flowered plants ( A B ) and procyanidins from pink-flowered plants ( A b ).”
Claim · model-written summary
Prodelphinidins had higher antioxidant activity than procyanidins.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Compound
- prodelphinidinse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- procyanidinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with procyanidins, prodelphinidins have higher antioxidant activity but are more likely to sequester iron, a particular concern with dry pea.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prodelphinidins were more likely to sequester iron than procyanidins.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Compound
- prodelphinidinse0
- Outcome
- sequester irone0
- Direction
- more likelye0
- Comparator
- procyanidinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with procyanidins, prodelphinidins have higher antioxidant activity but are more likely to sequester iron, a particular concern with dry pea.”
Claim · model-written summary
A B testas resisted seed rot more than A b testas, but the difference was slight.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Material
- A Be0
- Outcome
- seed rote0
- Direction
- more resistante0
- Qualifier
- difference seemed too slighte0
- Comparator
- A be0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although A B testas were more resistant than A b to seed rot, the difference seemed too slight to militate against growing pink-flowered pea.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider growing pink-flowered pea acceptable despite its slightly lower resistance.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- growing pink-flowered peae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although A B testas were more resistant than A b to seed rot, the difference seemed too slight to militate against growing pink-flowered pea.”