Abstract
AIMS: The study aimed to determine the pathogenicity of Fusarium species currently prevalent in tomato fields having history of chemical fungicide applications and determine the bio-efficacy of Bacillus subtilis NBRI-W9 as a potent biological control agent. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields. Pathogenicity of 30 Fusarium isolates was determined by in vitro and in vivo assays. Following Koch's postulates, F. chlamydosporum (FOL7) was identified as a virulent pathogen. The biological control of FOL 7 by B. subtilis NBRI-W9 (W9) and the colonization potential of W9 were established using spontaneous rifampicin-resistant mutants. W9 showed 82% inhibition of FOL7 on a dual-culture plate and colonization levels in tomato plants of ∼5.5, ∼3.3, and ∼2.2 log10 CFU/g in root, stem, and leaf tissue, respectively. Antagonistic activity was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell-wall-degradative enzymes. W9 reduced FOL7 infection in net-house and field experiments by 60% and 41%, respectively. Biochemical investigation, defence enzymes, defence gene expression analysis, SEM, and field studies provide evidence of hyperparasitism and induced resistance as the mode of biological control. The study also demonstrates that the potent biocontrol agent W9, isolated from Piper, can colonize tomato plants, control fungal disease by inducing induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) simultaneously, and increase crop yield by 21.58% under field conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study concludes that F. chlamydosporum (NBRI-FOL7) is a potent, fungicide-resistant pathogen causing wilt in tomatoes. NBRI-W9 controlled FOL7 through mycoparasitism and simultaneously activated ISR and SAR in plants, providing an attractive tool for disease control that acts at multiple levels.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium chlamydosporum (FOL7) was identified as a virulent pathogen of tomato following Koch's postulates.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Interactor
- F. chlamydosporumFusarium chlamydosporume2pathogen
- Outcome
- virulent pathogene2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“Following Koch's postulates, F. chlamydosporum (FOL7) was identified as a virulent pathogen”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis NBRI-W9 (W9) inhibited FOL7 by 82% on a dual-culture plate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- B. subtilis NBRI-W9e3
- Interactor
- FOL7e2pathogen
- Second interactor
- W9e2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibition of FOL7e2
- Direction
- inhibitione2
- Value
- 82%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“W9 showed 82% inhibition of FOL7 on a dual-culture plate”
e3“The biological control of FOL 7 by B. subtilis NBRI-W9 (W9)”
Claim · model-written summary
W9 reduced FOL7 infection by 60% in net-house experiments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- W9e2
- Interactor
- FOL7e2pathogen
- Outcome
- FOL7 infectione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 60%e2
- Setting
- net-housee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“W9 reduced FOL7 infection in net-house and field experiments by 60% and 41%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
W9 reduced FOL7 infection by 41% in field experiments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- W9e2
- Interactor
- FOL7e2pathogen
- Outcome
- FOL7 infectione2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- 41%e2
- Setting
- field experimentse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“W9 reduced FOL7 infection in net-house and field experiments by 60% and 41%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
W9 colonized tomato root at about ∼5.5 log10 CFU/g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- roote2
- Interactor
- W9e2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonization levelse2
- Value
- ∼5.5e2
- Qualifier
- log10 CFU/ge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“W9 showed 82% inhibition of FOL7 on a dual-culture plate and colonization levels in tomato plants of ∼5.5, ∼3.3, and ∼2.2 log10 CFU/g in root, stem, and leaf tissue, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
W9 colonized tomato stem at about ∼3.3 log10 CFU/g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- steme2
- Interactor
- W9e2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonization levelse2
- Value
- ∼3.3e2
- Qualifier
- log10 CFU/ge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“W9 showed 82% inhibition of FOL7 on a dual-culture plate and colonization levels in tomato plants of ∼5.5, ∼3.3, and ∼2.2 log10 CFU/g in root, stem, and leaf tissue, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
W9 colonized tomato leaf tissue at about ∼2.2 log10 CFU/g.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee2
- Interactor
- W9e2biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colonization levelse2
- Value
- ∼2.2e2
- Qualifier
- log10 CFU/ge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“W9 showed 82% inhibition of FOL7 on a dual-culture plate and colonization levels in tomato plants of ∼5.5, ∼3.3, and ∼2.2 log10 CFU/g in root, stem, and leaf tissue, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Antagonistic activity of the biocontrol isolate against FOL7 was shown by scanning electron microscopy and cell-wall-degradative enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- Antagonistic activitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“Antagonistic activity was shown by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cell-wall-degradative enzymes”
Claim · model-written summary
Hyperparasitism and induced resistance are the mode of biological control in this tomato system.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- mode of biological controle2
- Qualifier
- hyperparasitism and induced resistancee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“provide evidence of hyperparasitism and induced resistance as the mode of biological control”
Claim · model-written summary
NBRI-W9 simultaneously activated ISR and SAR in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- NBRI-W9e2
- Outcome
- ISR and SARe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Fusarium was isolated from surface-sterilized infected tomato plants collected from fields”
e2“NBRI-W9 controlled FOL7 through mycoparasitism and simultaneously activated ISR and SAR in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The biocontrol agent W9 increased tomato crop yield by 21.58% under field conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- biocontrol agent W9e2
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 21.58%e2
- Setting
- field conditionse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the potent biocontrol agent W9, isolated from Piper, can colonize tomato plants, control fungal disease by inducing induced systemic resistance (ISR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) simultaneously, and increase crop yield by 21.58% under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fusarium chlamydosporum (NBRI-FOL7) is a potent, fungicide-resistant pathogen causing wilt in tomatoes.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- F. chlamydosporumFusarium chlamydosporume1pathogen
- Outcome
- fungicide-resistant pathogene1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This study concludes that F. chlamydosporum (NBRI-FOL7) is a potent, fungicide-resistant pathogen causing wilt in tomatoes”
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See all 27 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.