Abstract
The continued increase in human populations and use of chemical fertilizers remain a threat to the health and stability of human–ecological systems worldwide. To ameliorate this problem and achieve long-term food security, a variety of ecofriendly technologies have been developed, including the production of cyanobacteria-based biofertilizers. This technology can be optimized through experiments that assess how plant growth is enhanced under different biofertilizer concentrations (g L−1). In this study, the biofertilizer capabilities of various concentrations of sonicated biomass (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g L−1) derived from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima on the growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae) were assessed, comparing their effectiveness with that of a positive control, a commercial biofertilizer (OptiMar Algas Marinas®) administered at 4 mL L−1. Generally, increased concentrations led to enhanced growth parameters; however, discernible differences from the negative control (0 g L−1) were often observed only when concentrations exceeded 5 g L−1. Surprisingly, the negative and positive controls often yielded similar results. A chemical composition analysis of A. maxima revealed high concentrations of the phytohormones, macronutrients, and essential amino acids that likely explain how our A. maxima sample enhanced growth in basil. Further research is required to determine how other crop plants respond to different concentrations of A. maxima. Additionally, assessing the feasibility of creating an economically accessible product with a higher concentration of A. maxima is crucial for practical applications.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing sonicated A. maxima biomass concentrations enhanced basil growth parameters relative to the negative control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicum
Ocimum basilicume1 - Treatment
- sonicated biomasse2
- Interactor
- Arthrospira maximaLimnospira maximae2other
- Outcome
- growth parameterse3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Comparator
- negative controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae)”
e2“sonicated biomass (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g L−1) derived from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima”
e3“Generally, increased concentrations led to enhanced growth parameters; however, discernible differences from the negative control (0 g L−1) were often observed only when concentrations exceeded 5 g L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Discernible growth differences from the negative control were observed only when A. maxima concentrations exceeded 5 g/L.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- concentrations exceeded 5 g L−1e3
- Interactor
- Arthrospira maximaLimnospira maximae2other
- Outcome
- discernible differencese3
- Direction
- observed only whene3
- Comparator
- negative controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae)”
e2“sonicated biomass (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 g L−1) derived from the cyanobacteria Arthrospira maxima”
e3“Generally, increased concentrations led to enhanced growth parameters; however, discernible differences from the negative control (0 g L−1) were often observed only when concentrations exceeded 5 g L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The commercial biofertilizer yielded results often similar to the negative control.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume1
- Treatment
- a commercial biofertilizer (OptiMar Algas Marinas®)e5
- Outcome
- similar resultse4
- Direction
- similare4
- Qualifier
- oftene4
- Comparator
- negative controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae)”
e3“Generally, increased concentrations led to enhanced growth parameters; however, discernible differences from the negative control (0 g L−1) were often observed only when concentrations exceeded 5 g L−1”
e4“Surprisingly, the negative and positive controls often yielded similar results”
e5“a commercial biofertilizer (OptiMar Algas Marinas®) administered at 4 mL L−1”
Claim · model-written summary
The A. maxima biomass contained high concentrations of phytohormones, macronutrients and essential amino acids.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume1
- Interactor
- A. maximaLimnospira maximae6other
- Outcome
- high concentrations of the phytohormones, macronutrients, and essential amino acidse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae)”
e6“A chemical composition analysis of A. maxima revealed high concentrations of the phytohormones, macronutrients, and essential amino acids that likely explain how our A. maxima sample enhanced growth in basil”
Claim · model-written summary
The phytohormones in A. maxima likely explain its enhancement of basil growth.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume1
- Interactor
- A. maximaLimnospira maximae6other
- Compound
- phytohormonese6
- Outcome
- enhanced growth in basile6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae)”
e6“A chemical composition analysis of A. maxima revealed high concentrations of the phytohormones, macronutrients, and essential amino acids that likely explain how our A. maxima sample enhanced growth in basil”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend assessing the feasibility of an economically accessible A. maxima product with higher concentration.
- Taxon
- Ocimum basilicumOcimum basilicume1
- Outcome
- feasibility of creating an economically accessible producte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum, Lamiaceae)”
e7“assessing the feasibility of creating an economically accessible product with a higher concentration of A. maxima is crucial for practical applications”