Abstract
Subarctic regions are experiencing faster warming than the global average, and warming is expected to impact carbon (C) assimilation and its allocation into plant biomass and soluble sugars in plant tissues. We analyzed the concentration of soluble sugars (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) in fine roots and rhizomes for three dominant species: Anthoxanthum odoratum, Equisetum spp., and Ranunculus acris. We also examined the concentration and pool of soluble sugars at the plant community level with the aim to investigate the impact of soil warming duration [medium-term (11 years, MTW) vs. long-term (> 60 years, LTW)] and magnitude on soluble sugars in geothermally warmed subarctic grasslands. Among three species, R. acris exhibited the highest concentration of soluble sugars in both fine roots and rhizomes. Comparing total soluble sugar (TSS) between fine roots and rhizomes, rhizomes exhibited a higher concentration in A. odoratum and Equisetum. spp., whereas fine roots had a higher concentration in R. acris. Soil warming did not affect TSS in E. spp. and R. acris, while in A. odoratum, it increased TSS in fine roots and rhizomes in MTW and only in fine roots in LTW. At the plant community level in MTW, soil warming did not affect the soluble sugar concentration in fine roots. However, it increased the TSS and sucrose concentration in rhizomes, which positively correlated with the abundance of grasses. The TSS pool in fine roots decreased with soil warming in MTW, mainly due to a decline in fine root biomass that described 70 % of the decline in the TSS pool. Also, in LTW, soil warming decreased the TSS pool in fine roots, but 74 % of the decline was mainly driven by decreased soluble sugar concentration, specifically that of sucrose, and not by the change in fine root biomass. The decrease in sucrose concentration in fine roots in LTW was related to a decrease in the abundance of A. odoratum. We highlight the species-specific and organ-specific differences in soluble sugar concentration in subarctic grasslands. We observed elevated soluble sugars in A. odoratum's fine roots and rhizomes due to soil warming, while the overall community-level soluble sugar pool in fine roots decreased. We conclude that in warmed subarctic grasslands, the community-level soluble sugar pool in fine roots and rhizomes depends upon changes in biomass, soluble sugar concentration, and plant community structure.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
R. acris had the highest soluble sugar concentrations in fine roots and rhizomes among three species.
- Taxon
- R. acris
Ranunculus acrise0 - Organ / stage
- fine roots and rhizomese0
- Outcome
- concentration of soluble sugarse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- three speciese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among three species, R. acris exhibited the highest concentration of soluble sugars in both fine roots and rhizomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizomes had higher total soluble sugars than fine roots in A. odoratum.
- Taxon
- A. odoratum
Anthoxanthum odoratume0 - Organ / stage
- rhizomese0
- Outcome
- concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- fine rootse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rhizomes exhibited a higher concentration in A. odoratum and Equisetum. spp., whereas fine roots had a higher concentration in R. acris”
e1“between fine roots and rhizomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizomes had higher total soluble sugars than fine roots in Equisetum. spp.
Verbatim
e0“rhizomes exhibited a higher concentration in A. odoratum and Equisetum. spp., whereas fine roots had a higher concentration in R. acris”
Claim · model-written summary
Fine roots had higher total soluble sugars than rhizomes in R. acris.
- Taxon
- R. acrisRanunculus acrise0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse0
- Outcome
- concentratione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- rhizomese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fine roots had a higher concentration in R. acris”
e1“between fine roots and rhizomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil warming did not affect total soluble sugars in Equisetum.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soil warming did not affect TSS in E. spp. and R. acris”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil warming did not affect total soluble sugars in R. acris.
- Taxon
- R. acrisRanunculus acrise0
- Treatment
- Soil warminge0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil warming did not affect TSS in E. spp. and R. acris”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil warming increased total soluble sugars in A. odoratum fine roots and rhizomes under medium-term warming.
- Taxon
- A. odoratumAnthoxanthum odoratume0
- Organ / stage
- fine roots and rhizomese0
- Treatment
- MTWe0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in A. odoratum, it increased TSS in fine roots and rhizomes in MTW”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil warming increased total soluble sugars in A. odoratum fine roots under long-term warming.
- Taxon
- A. odoratumAnthoxanthum odoratume0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse0
- Treatment
- LTWe0
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in A. odoratum, it increased TSS in fine roots and rhizomes in MTW and only in fine roots in LTW”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-term warming did not affect community fine-root soluble sugar concentration.
- Taxon
- plant communitye0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse0
- Treatment
- soil warminge0
- Outcome
- soluble sugar concentratione0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At the plant community level in MTW, soil warming did not affect the soluble sugar concentration in fine roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-term warming increased rhizome total soluble sugar concentration at community level.
- Taxon
- plant communitye1
- Organ / stage
- rhizomese0
- Treatment
- soil warminge1
- Outcome
- TSSe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, it increased the TSS and sucrose concentration in rhizomes”
e1“At the plant community level in MTW, soil warming”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-term warming increased rhizome sucrose concentration at community level.
- Taxon
- plant communitye1
- Organ / stage
- rhizomese0
- Treatment
- soil warminge1
- Outcome
- sucrose concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“However, it increased the TSS and sucrose concentration in rhizomes”
e1“At the plant community level in MTW, soil warming”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizome soluble sugar concentrations correlated positively with grass abundance.
Verbatim
e0“which positively correlated with the abundance of grasses”
e1“TSS and sucrose concentration in rhizomes”
Claim · model-written summary
Medium-term warming decreased the fine-root total soluble sugar pool; biomass decline explained 70 % of that decline.
- Taxon
- plant communitye1
- Treatment
- soil warminge0
- Outcome
- TSS pool in fine rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 70 %e0
- Qualifier
- decline in fine root biomasse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The TSS pool in fine roots decreased with soil warming in MTW, mainly due to a decline in fine root biomass that described 70 % of the decline in the TSS pool”
e1“At the plant community level in MTW”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term warming decreased the fine-root total soluble sugar pool, with lower concentration explaining 74 % of the decline.
- Taxon
- plant communitye1
- Treatment
- soil warminge0
- Outcome
- TSS pool in fine rootse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 74 %e0
- Qualifier
- decreased soluble sugar concentration, specifically that of sucrosee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“in LTW, soil warming decreased the TSS pool in fine roots, but 74 % of the decline was mainly driven by decreased soluble sugar concentration, specifically that of sucrose”
e1“At the plant community level in MTW”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower fine-root sucrose concentration under long-term warming was related to lower A. odoratum abundance.
- Taxon
- A. odoratumAnthoxanthum odoratume0
- Organ / stage
- fine rootse0
- Outcome
- sucrose concentration in fine rootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Comparator
- abundance of A. odoratume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in sucrose concentration in fine roots in LTW was related to a decrease in the abundance of A. odoratum”