Abstract
Enhancing the spatial and temporal coordination between soil water and roots is very important for crop growth. The vertical distribution and relationship between soil water and root are however poorly understood during maize growth under different soil water conditions. In this study, two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment as well as with irrigation at 0–30 (TI), 30–60 (MI), 60–90 (BI), 0–90 cm soil layers (AI) and no irrigation in three–year tube experiment. In field experiment, DI and FI both increased root dry weight, root length density (RLD), and the proportion of coarse root length at different soil layers relative to RF. DI increased grain yield by 10.0% in FM985 and by 10.8% in ZD958 compared with FI. Both total root and fine root length were greater in DI than in FI, which increased the nitrogen and water use efficiency and yield. In the tube experiment, irrigation at different soil layers increased root dry weight, RLD and the proportion of coarse root length compared with no irrigation, with AI increasing the most. FM985 distributed more roots at the 0–30 cm soil layer than ZD958. Grain yields were positively correlated with the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layer (r=0.493** in field experiment and r=426** in tube experiment) but negatively correlated with root–shoot ratio (r=−0.793** in field experiment and r=−670** in tube experiment) at maturity stage. In conclusion, there is a large potential to improve maize yield by enhancing the spatial coordination between root distribution and soil water movement.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
DI and FI both increased root dry weight, root length density and the proportion of coarse root length at different soil layers relative to rainfed conditions.
- Material
- ZD958 and FM985e1
- Treatment
- drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI)e1
- Outcome
- root dry weight, root length density (RLD), and the proportion of coarse root length at different soil layerse2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- RFe2
- Setting
- field experimente1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e2“DI and FI both increased root dry weight, root length density (RLD), and the proportion of coarse root length at different soil layers relative to RF”
Claim · model-written summary
DI increased grain yield by 10.0% in FM985 compared with FI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e3“DI increased grain yield by 10.0% in FM985 and by 10.8% in ZD958 compared with FI”
Claim · model-written summary
DI increased grain yield by 10.8% in ZD958 compared with FI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e3“DI increased grain yield by 10.0% in FM985 and by 10.8% in ZD958 compared with FI”
Claim · model-written summary
Total root length and fine root length were greater under DI than under FI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e4“Both total root and fine root length were greater in DI than in FI, which increased the nitrogen and water use efficiency and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
DI increased nitrogen and water use efficiency and yield compared with FI.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e4“Both total root and fine root length were greater in DI than in FI, which increased the nitrogen and water use efficiency and yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at different soil layers increased root dry weight, RLD and the proportion of coarse root length compared with no irrigation in the tube experiment.
- Treatment
- irrigation at different soil layerse5
- Outcome
- root dry weight, RLD and the proportion of coarse root lengthe5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Comparator
- no irrigatione5
- Setting
- tube experimente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e5“In the tube experiment, irrigation at different soil layers increased root dry weight, RLD and the proportion of coarse root length compared with no irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
AI increased root dry weight, RLD and coarse root proportion the most in the tube experiment.
- Treatment
- AIe6
- Outcome
- root dry weight, RLD and the proportion of coarse root lengthe5
- Direction
- increasing the moste6
- Setting
- tube experimente5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e5“In the tube experiment, irrigation at different soil layers increased root dry weight, RLD and the proportion of coarse root length compared with no irrigation”
e6“with AI increasing the most”
Claim · model-written summary
FM985 distributed more roots at the 0–30 cm soil layer than ZD958.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e7“FM985 distributed more roots at the 0–30 cm soil layer than ZD958”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields were positively correlated with RLD in each soil layer and with coarse root proportion at the upper layer in the field experiment.
- Outcome
- grain yieldse3
- Direction
- positively correlatede3
- Value
- r=0.493**e3
- Qualifier
- the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layere3
- Setting
- field experimente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e3“Grain yields were positively correlated with the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layer (r=0.493** in field experiment and r=426** in tube experiment)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields were positively correlated with RLD in each soil layer and with coarse root proportion at the upper layer in the tube experiment.
- Outcome
- grain yieldse3
- Direction
- positively correlatede3
- Value
- r=426**e3
- Qualifier
- the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layere3
- Setting
- tube experimente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e3“Grain yields were positively correlated with the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layer (r=0.493** in field experiment and r=426** in tube experiment)”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields were negatively correlated with root–shoot ratio in the field experiment at maturity stage.
- Organ / stage
- maturity stagee4
- Outcome
- grain yieldse4
- Direction
- negatively correlatede4
- Value
- r=−0.793**e4
- Qualifier
- root–shoot ratioe4
- Setting
- field experimente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e4“Grain yields were positively correlated with the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layer (r=0.493** in field experiment and r=426** in tube experiment) but negatively correlated with root–shoot ratio (r=−0.793** in field experiment and r=−670** in tube experiment) at maturity stage”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yields were negatively correlated with root–shoot ratio in the tube experiment at maturity stage.
- Organ / stage
- maturity stagee4
- Outcome
- grain yieldse4
- Direction
- negatively correlatede4
- Value
- r=−670**e4
- Qualifier
- root–shoot ratioe4
- Setting
- tube experimente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e4“Grain yields were positively correlated with the RLD in each soil layer and coarse root proportion at the upper layer (r=0.493** in field experiment and r=426** in tube experiment) but negatively correlated with root–shoot ratio (r=−0.793** in field experiment and r=−670** in tube experiment) at maturity stage”
Claim · model-written summary
There is a large potential to improve maize yield by enhancing spatial coordination between root distribution and soil water movement.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“two maize hybrids ZD958 and FM985 were treated with drip irrigation (DI), flood irrigation (FI), and rainfed (RF) in two–year field experiment”
e5“there is a large potential to improve maize yield by enhancing the spatial coordination between root distribution and soil water movement”
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