Abstract
L.), can be significantly impeded by salinity and drought. However, pre-treating spinach plants with traditional biofertilizers like Jeevamrit and Beejamrit (JB) substantially reverses the salinity and drought-induced inhibitory effects. Hence, this study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that govern the efficacy of traditional fertilizers. The present work employed comprehensive biochemical, physiological, and molecular approaches to investigate the processes by which JB alleviates abiotic stress. The JB treatment effectively boosts spinach growth by increasing nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzyme activity, which mitigates the detrimental effects of drought and salinity-induced stress. Under salt and drought stress conditions, the application of JB resulted in an impressive rise in germination percentages of 80 and 60%, respectively. In addition, the application of JB treatment resulted in a 50% decrease in electrolyte leakage and a 75% rise in the relative water content of the spinach plants. Furthermore, the significant reduction in proline and glycine betaine levels in plants treated with JB provides additional evidence of the treatment's ability to prevent cell death caused by environmental stressors. Following JB treatment, the spinach plants exhibited substantially higher total chlorophyll content was also observed. Additionally, using 16S rRNA sequencing, we discovered and characterized five plant-beneficial bacteria from the JB bio-inoculants. These bacterial isolates comprise a number of traits that contribute to growth augmentation in plants. These evidences suggest that the presence of the aforesaid microorganisms (along with additional ones) is accountable for the JB-mediated stimulation of plant growth and development.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-treatment with Jeevamrit and Beejamrit substantially reverses the inhibitory effects of salinity and drought on spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Jeevamrit and Beejamrit (JB)e1
- Outcome
- salinity and drought-induced inhibitory effectse1
- Direction
- reversese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e1“pre-treating spinach plants with traditional biofertilizers like Jeevamrit and Beejamrit (JB) substantially reverses the salinity and drought-induced inhibitory effects”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment boosts spinach growth under salt and drought stress.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- JB treatmente2
- Outcome
- spinach growthe2
- Direction
- boostse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e2“The JB treatment effectively boosts spinach growth by increasing nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzyme activity”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment increases nutrient uptake in spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- JB treatmente2
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee2
- Direction
- increasinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e2“The JB treatment effectively boosts spinach growth by increasing nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzyme activity”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment increases antioxidant enzyme activity in spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- JB treatmente2
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye2
- Direction
- increasinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e2“The JB treatment effectively boosts spinach growth by increasing nutrient uptake and antioxidant enzyme activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salt stress, JB pre-treatment raised spinach germination percentage (80 and 60%, reported with the drought value).
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- application of JBe3
- Outcome
- germination percentagese3
- Direction
- risee3
- Value
- 80 and 60%e3
- Qualifier
- salt and drought stress conditionse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e3“Under salt and drought stress conditions, the application of JB resulted in an impressive rise in germination percentages of 80 and 60%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Under drought stress, JB pre-treatment raised spinach germination percentage (60 and 80%, reported with the salt value).
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- application of JBe3
- Outcome
- germination percentagese3
- Direction
- risee3
- Value
- 80 and 60%e3
- Qualifier
- respectivelye3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e3“Under salt and drought stress conditions, the application of JB resulted in an impressive rise in germination percentages of 80 and 60%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment decreased electrolyte leakage in spinach by 50%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae4
- Treatment
- application of JB treatmente4
- Outcome
- electrolyte leakagee4
- Direction
- decreasee4
- Value
- 50%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the application of JB treatment resulted in a 50% decrease in electrolyte leakage and a 75% rise in the relative water content of the spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment raised the relative water content of spinach by 75%.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae4
- Treatment
- application of JB treatmente4
- Outcome
- relative water contente4
- Direction
- risee4
- Value
- 75%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“the application of JB treatment resulted in a 50% decrease in electrolyte leakage and a 75% rise in the relative water content of the spinach plants”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment significantly reduced proline and glycine betaine levels in spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- JBe5
- Outcome
- proline and glycine betaine levelse5
- Direction
- reductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e5“the significant reduction in proline and glycine betaine levels in plants treated with JB”
Claim · model-written summary
JB treatment resulted in substantially higher total chlorophyll content in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceae6
- Treatment
- JB treatmente6
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente6
- Direction
- highere6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Following JB treatment, the spinach plants exhibited substantially higher total chlorophyll content”
Claim · model-written summary
Five plant-beneficial bacteria were identified from the JB bio-inoculants.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Interactor
- plant-beneficial bacteriae7symbiont
- Outcome
- five plant-beneficial bacteriae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e7“five plant-beneficial bacteria from the JB bio-inoculants”
Claim · model-written summary
The bacterial isolates carry traits that contribute to growth augmentation in plants.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Interactor
- bacterial isolatese2symbiont
- Outcome
- traits that contribute to growth augmentatione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e2“These bacterial isolates comprise a number of traits that contribute to growth augmentation in plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The presence of the aforesaid microorganisms is suggested to account for JB-mediated stimulation of spinach growth and development.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea L.Spinacia oleraceat0
- Interactor
- microorganismse7symbiont
- Outcome
- stimulation of plant growth and developmente7
- Qualifier
- the presence of the aforesaid microorganismse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“augment Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach) growth”
e7“the presence of the aforesaid microorganisms (along with additional ones) is accountable for the JB-mediated stimulation of plant growth and development”