Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic elements in soil, affecting morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes in plants. Mineral plant nutrition was tested as an effective approach to mitigate Cd stress in several crop species. In this regard, the present study aimed to elucidate how different phosphorus (P) fertilization regimes can improve some bio-physiological processes in tomato plants exposed to Cd stress. In a hydroponic experiment, the impact of two phosphorus fertilizer forms (Polyphosphate (poly-P): condensed P-form with 100% polymerization rate and orthophosphate (ortho-P): from orthophosphoric acid) on the photosynthetic activity, plant growth, and nutrient uptake was assessed under three levels of Cd stress (0, 12, and 25 µM of CdCl2). The obtained results confirmed the negative effects of Cd stress on the chlorophyll content and the efficiency of the photosynthesis machinery. The application of poly-P fertilizer significantly improved the chlorophyll stability index (82%) under medium Cd stress (Cd12), as compared to the ortho-P form (55%). The analysis of the chlorophyll α fluorescence transient curve revealed that the amplitude of Cd effect on the different steps of electron transfer between PSII and PSI was significantly reduced under the poly-P fertilization regime compared to ortho-P, especially under Cd12. The evaluation of the RE0/RC parameter showed that the electron flux reducing end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side per reaction center was significantly improved in the poly-P treatment by 42% under Cd12 compared to the ortho-P treatment. Moreover, the use of poly-P fertilizer enhanced iron uptake and its stoichiometric homeostasis in the shoot tissue which maintained an adequate absorption of iron under Cd stress conditions. Findings from this study revealed for the first time that inorganic polyphosphate fertilizers can reduce Cd toxicity in tomato plants by enhancing photosynthesis activity, nutrient uptake, plant growth, and biomass accumulation despite the high level of cadmium accumulation in shoot tissues.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced chlorophyll content and photosynthetic machinery efficiency.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and the efficiency of the photosynthesis machinerye0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative effects of Cd stress on the chlorophyll content and the efficiency of the photosynthesis machinery”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphosphate improved chlorophyll stability index to 82% under Cd12 versus 55% with orthophosphate.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- poly-P fertilizere0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll stability indexe0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 82%e0
- Qualifier
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- ortho-P forme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of poly-P fertilizer significantly improved the chlorophyll stability index (82%) under medium Cd stress (Cd12), as compared to the ortho-P form (55%)”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphosphate reduced the cadmium effect on electron transfer steps between PSII and PSI relative to orthophosphate, especially under Cd12.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- poly-P fertilization regimee0
- Outcome
- amplitude of Cd effect on the different steps of electron transfer between PSII and PSIe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- especially under Cd12e0
- Comparator
- ortho-Pe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amplitude of Cd effect on the different steps of electron transfer between PSII and PSI was significantly reduced under the poly-P fertilization regime compared to ortho-P, especially under Cd12”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphosphate improved electron flux at the PSI acceptor side per reaction center by 42% under Cd12 relative to orthophosphate.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- poly-P treatmente0
- Outcome
- electron flux reducing end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side per reaction centere0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 42%e0
- Qualifier
- under Cd12e0
- Comparator
- ortho-P treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the electron flux reducing end electron acceptors at the PSI acceptor side per reaction center was significantly improved in the poly-P treatment by 42% under Cd12 compared to the ortho-P treatment”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphosphate enhanced iron uptake and shoot iron homeostasis under cadmium stress.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- shoot tissuee0
- Treatment
- poly-P fertilizere0
- Outcome
- iron uptake and its stoichiometric homeostasise0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Qualifier
- under Cd stress conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of poly-P fertilizer enhanced iron uptake and its stoichiometric homeostasis in the shoot tissue which maintained an adequate absorption of iron under Cd stress conditions”
t0“tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Polyphosphate mitigated cadmium toxicity with enhanced photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, growth and biomass despite high shoot cadmium accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- inorganic polyphosphate fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- Cd toxicitye0
- Direction
- reducee0
- Qualifier
- despite the high level of cadmium accumulation in shoot tissuese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inorganic polyphosphate fertilizers can reduce Cd toxicity in tomato plants by enhancing photosynthesis activity, nutrient uptake, plant growth, and biomass accumulation despite the high level of cadmium accumulation in shoot tissues”
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