Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has restricted concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) release of waste products into U.S. waters. These waste products must be disposed of using best management practices. Most of the waste is spread on cropland, but some operations have found other creative uses for waste products. Use of a phosphorus (P) reduction system to remove P from wastewater results in magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP), a slowly soluble fertilizer. Using a P reduction system will not eliminate the need for land application of manure and wastewater, but it reduces the nutrient load in the waste that is applied thereby making compliance with regulations easier. In the first year of this study, MAP was compared to a controlled release fertilizer (CRF) with a similar nutrient element ratio on plant growth, fruit yield, nitrogen (N), P, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentration in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’) plant parts. Plant growth and fruit production were similar with the two fertilizers, but the number of tomato culls was greater with either fertilizer than on control plants. Foliar N, P, Ca, and Mg concentration did not differ regardless of fertilizer treatment. Plants fertilized with CRF had a greater leaf K concentration than those fertilized with MAP, but foliar K concentration did not differ between fertilized and nonfertilized plants. Iron and Mn concentration in above-ground vegetative plant parts (stems and leaves) did not differ regardless of fertilizer treatment, but Zn concentration increased linearly as CRF increased. In the second year, MAP, each of the essential elements contained in MAP separately, and a hand mixture of each of these elements was tested for their effect on tomato plant growth, fruit yield, and tissue N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentration and content. Magnesium ammonium phosphate and the hand mixture of fertilizer resulted in greater above-ground biomass excluding fruit stem weight and fruit yield than any of the individual nutrient treatments. Calcium sulfate resulted in a greater number and weight of tomatoes harvested than MAP. Nitrogen concentration did not differ among the fertilizer treatments for roots, stems, or leaves, but N content was greater in red fruit with the hand mix of fertilizer than with no fertilizer or with ammonium sulfate or Mg oxide. In immature green fruit at termination of the study, N content was greater with no fertilizer or Ca sulfate than with MAP or triple superphosphate (TSP). Phosphorus, K, and Ca concentrations did not differ among fertilizer treatments for any tissue tested. Magnesium concentration in green tomatoes differed among fertilizer treatments such that Mg concentration of green tomatoes from plants fertilized with TSP was greater than Mg concentration of green tomatoes fertilized with ammonium sulfate or Mg oxide. Phosphorus and K content of green fruit differed among fertilizer treatments with P and K concentration highest in green fruit from plants fertilized with Ca sulfate and lowest in green fruit from plants fertilized with MAP or TSP. Iron and Mn concentrations did not differ among fertilizer treatments for any tissue tested. Zinc concentration in leaves was greater when plants were fertilized with MAP, TSP, Ca sulfate, or Mg oxide than with ammonium sulfate. Zinc concentration of green fruit was greater when fertilized with MAP than with the hand mix, Ca sulfate or Mg oxide. Iron content was highest in green fruit from plants fertilized with TSP and lowest in plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate or control plants. Manganese content of leaves from control plants was greater than that of plants receiving ammonium sulfate while red fruit from plants fertilized with the hand mix had a greater Mn content than red fruit from any other treatment. Foliar Zn content was greater in plants fertilized with Ca sulfate than in those fertilized with the hand mix, ammonium sulfate, or TSP. In contrast, Zn content of red fruit fertilized with the hand mix was greater than for red fruit in any other treatment. Green fruit from control plants and those receiving MAP had a greater Zn content than plants fertilized with the hand mix, TSP, or Mg oxide. Fertilizer application increased Fe, Mn, and Zn content of several plant tissues. None of the labels of fertilizers applied stated that they contained micronutrients; however, small amounts of contamination were possible. Differing micronutrient contents of various plant tissues among fertilizer treatments were probably associated with other elements affecting plant growth or nutrient uptake. The nutrient elements present in the various fertilizers were not always the nutrient elements affected in the plants likely due to another element that may have limited plant growth or nutrient uptake.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
MAP and CRF gave similar plant growth and fruit production in field-grown tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Treatment
- MAPe2
- Outcome
- Plant growth and fruit productione1
- Direction
- similare1
- Comparator
- controlled release fertilizer (CRF)e2
- Setting
- field-grownt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Plant growth and fruit production were similar with the two fertilizers”
e2“MAP was compared to a controlled release fertilizer (CRF)”
t0“field-grown tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato culls were greater with either fertilizer than on control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Treatment
- either fertilizere1
- Outcome
- number of tomato cullse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“the number of tomato culls was greater with either fertilizer than on control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar N, P, Ca and Mg concentration of tomato did not differ regardless of fertilizer treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- Foliare1
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmente1
- Outcome
- Foliar N, P, Ca, and Mg concentratione1
- Direction
- did not differe1
- Comparator
- regardless of fertilizer treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Foliar N, P, Ca, and Mg concentration did not differ regardless of fertilizer treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato plants fertilized with CRF had a greater leaf K concentration than plants fertilized with MAP.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- leafe1
- Treatment
- CRFe1
- Outcome
- leaf K concentratione1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- MAPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Plants fertilized with CRF had a greater leaf K concentration than those fertilized with MAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar K concentration of tomato did not differ between fertilized and nonfertilized plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- Foliare1
- Treatment
- fertilizede1
- Outcome
- foliar K concentratione1
- Direction
- did not differe1
- Comparator
- nonfertilizede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“foliar K concentration did not differ between fertilized and nonfertilized plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn concentration in above-ground vegetative parts of tomato increased linearly as CRF increased.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- above-ground vegetative plant parts (stems and leaves)e1
- Treatment
- CRFe1
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Iron and Mn concentration in above-ground vegetative plant parts (stems and leaves) did not differ regardless of fertilizer treatment, but Zn concentration increased linearly as CRF increased”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium ammonium phosphate gave greater above-ground biomass (excluding fruit stem weight) and fruit yield of tomato than any individual nutrient treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Treatment
- Magnesium ammonium phosphatee1
- Outcome
- above-ground biomass excluding fruit stem weight and fruit yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- individual nutrient treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Magnesium ammonium phosphate and the hand mixture of fertilizer resulted in greater above-ground biomass excluding fruit stem weight and fruit yield than any of the individual nutrient treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The hand mixture of fertilizer gave greater above-ground biomass (excluding fruit stem weight) and fruit yield of tomato than any individual nutrient treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Treatment
- hand mixture of fertilizere1
- Outcome
- above-ground biomass excluding fruit stem weight and fruit yielde1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- individual nutrient treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Magnesium ammonium phosphate and the hand mixture of fertilizer resulted in greater above-ground biomass excluding fruit stem weight and fruit yield than any of the individual nutrient treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate gave a greater number and weight of tomatoes harvested than MAP.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Treatment
- Calcium sulfatee1
- Outcome
- number and weight of tomatoes harvestede1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- MAPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Calcium sulfate resulted in a greater number and weight of tomatoes harvested than MAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen concentration in roots, stems and leaves of tomato did not differ among fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- roots, stems, or leavese1
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Nitrogen concentratione1
- Direction
- did not differe1
- Comparator
- among the fertilizer treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Nitrogen concentration did not differ among the fertilizer treatments for roots, stems, or leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
N content of red tomato fruit was greater with the hand mix of fertilizer than with no fertilizer, ammonium sulfate or Mg oxide.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- red fruite1
- Treatment
- the hand mix of fertilizere1
- Outcome
- N contente1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- no fertilizer or with ammonium sulfate or Mg oxidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“N content was greater in red fruit with the hand mix of fertilizer than with no fertilizer or with ammonium sulfate or Mg oxide”
Claim · model-written summary
In immature green tomato fruit, N content was greater with no fertilizer or Ca sulfate than with MAP or TSP.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- immature green fruite1
- Treatment
- no fertilizer or Ca sulfatee1
- Outcome
- N contente1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- MAP or triple superphosphate (TSP)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“In immature green fruit at termination of the study, N content was greater with no fertilizer or Ca sulfate than with MAP or triple superphosphate (TSP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus, K and Ca concentrations of tomato did not differ among fertilizer treatments in any tissue tested.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- any tissue testede1
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Phosphorus, K, and Ca concentrationse1
- Direction
- did not differe1
- Comparator
- among fertilizer treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Phosphorus, K, and Ca concentrations did not differ among fertilizer treatments for any tissue tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg concentration of green tomatoes was greater with TSP than with ammonium sulfate or Mg oxide.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- green tomatoese1
- Treatment
- TSPe1
- Outcome
- Mg concentratione1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- ammonium sulfate or Mg oxidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Magnesium concentration in green tomatoes differed among fertilizer treatments such that Mg concentration of green tomatoes from plants fertilized with TSP was greater than Mg concentration of green tomatoes fertilized with ammonium sulfate or Mg oxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphorus and K content of green tomato fruit was highest with Ca sulfate and lowest with MAP or TSP.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- green fruite1
- Treatment
- Ca sulfatee1
- Outcome
- Phosphorus and K contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- lowest in green fruit from plants fertilized with MAP or TSPe1
- Comparator
- MAP or TSPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Phosphorus and K content of green fruit differed among fertilizer treatments with P and K concentration highest in green fruit from plants fertilized with Ca sulfate and lowest in green fruit from plants fertilized with MAP or TSP”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron and Mn concentrations of tomato did not differ among fertilizer treatments in any tissue tested.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- any tissue testede1
- Treatment
- fertilizer treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Iron and Mn concentrationse1
- Direction
- did not differe1
- Comparator
- among fertilizer treatmentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Iron and Mn concentrations did not differ among fertilizer treatments for any tissue tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc concentration in tomato leaves was greater with MAP, TSP, Ca sulfate or Mg oxide than with ammonium sulfate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- MAP, TSP, Ca sulfate, or Mg oxidee1
- Outcome
- Zinc concentratione1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- ammonium sulfatee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Zinc concentration in leaves was greater when plants were fertilized with MAP, TSP, Ca sulfate, or Mg oxide than with ammonium sulfate”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc concentration of green tomato fruit was greater with MAP than with the hand mix, Ca sulfate or Mg oxide.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- green fruite1
- Treatment
- MAPe1
- Outcome
- Zinc concentratione1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- the hand mix, Ca sulfate or Mg oxidee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Zinc concentration of green fruit was greater when fertilized with MAP than with the hand mix, Ca sulfate or Mg oxide”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron content of tomato green fruit was highest with TSP and lowest with ammonium sulfate or control plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- green fruite1
- Treatment
- TSPe1
- Outcome
- Iron contente1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Qualifier
- lowest in plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate or control plantse1
- Comparator
- ammonium sulfate or control plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Iron content was highest in green fruit from plants fertilized with TSP and lowest in plants fertilized with ammonium sulfate or control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Red fruit of tomato plants fertilized with the hand mix had greater Mn content than red fruit from any other treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Mountain Fresh Pluse0
- Organ / stage
- red fruite1
- Treatment
- the hand mixe1
- Outcome
- Manganese contente1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- any other treatmente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Mountain Fresh Plus’)”
e1“Manganese content of leaves from control plants was greater than that of plants receiving ammonium sulfate while red fruit from plants fertilized with the hand mix had a greater Mn content than red fruit from any other treatment”
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