Abstract
Nigerian soils are generally light‐textured and have a low cation exchange capacity, crucial for retaining exchangeable cations like calcium, which enhances tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) shelf life. Therefore, screenhouse studies were conducted to assess the effects of calcium fertilizers on soil chemical properties and tomato growth, yield, quality, and shelf life. Five Ca fertilizer sources were tested: no fertilizer, calcium sulfate, calcium nitrate, poultry manure, and cow bone biochar. Each was applied at 160 kg Ca ha −1 in a completely randomized design replicated three times. The soil used was classified as Alfisol. Results showed that applying different Ca sources improved soil chemical properties (organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), plant growth (height and stem diameter), yield (fruit number and weight), and the mineral content of tomatoes. Results showed that calcium sulfate increased the Ca content of the soil by 1.25%, 9.82%, 20.11%, and 704% compared to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and the control, respectively. Poultry manure enhances growth and yields the most due to its balanced nutrient supply. Poultry manure increased plant height by 10.1%, 11.2%, 20.3%, and 45.2% compared to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively. Similarly, tomato fruit yield increased by 22.5%, 20.16%, 83.4%, and 382.5% relative to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively. Relative to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and control, calcium sulfate treatment reduced weight loss of tomato by 24.81%, 55.59%, 61.19%, and 104.99% and increased shelf life by 14.78%, 29.79%, 36.42%, and 69.44%, respectively. This effectiveness was attributed to its high Ca content. While poultry manure was effective in enhancing tomato yield and quality, it was not as effective as calcium sulfate in extending shelf life and reducing weight loss. Thus, future research should focus on the potential integration of poultry manure with calcium sulfate to develop an amendment that could improve yield, quality, and shelf life of tomatoes.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sources improved tomato growth, yield and mineral content relative to the unfertilized treatment.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- different Ca sourcese1
- Outcome
- plant growth (height and stem diameter), yield (fruit number and weight), and the mineral content of tomatoese1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- no fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five Ca fertilizer sources were tested: no fertilizer, calcium sulfate, calcium nitrate, poultry manure, and cow bone biochar”
e1“applying different Ca sources improved soil chemical properties (organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), plant growth (height and stem diameter), yield (fruit number and weight), and the mineral content of tomatoes”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sources improved soil organic matter and nutrient status.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- different Ca sourcese1
- Outcome
- soil chemical properties (organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg)e1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- no fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five Ca fertilizer sources were tested: no fertilizer, calcium sulfate, calcium nitrate, poultry manure, and cow bone biochar”
e1“applying different Ca sources improved soil chemical properties (organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, and Mg)”
e2“tomato growth, yield, quality, and shelf life”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate increased soil Ca by 1.25% versus calcium nitrate.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- Ca content of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.25%e0
- Comparator
- calcium nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium sulfate increased the Ca content of the soil by 1.25%, 9.82%, 20.11%, and 704% compared to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate increased soil Ca by 9.82% versus poultry manure.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- Ca content of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.82%e0
- Comparator
- poultry manuree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium sulfate increased the Ca content of the soil by 1.25%, 9.82%, 20.11%, and 704% compared to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate increased soil Ca by 20.11% versus biochar.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- Ca content of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.11%e0
- Comparator
- biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium sulfate increased the Ca content of the soil by 1.25%, 9.82%, 20.11%, and 704% compared to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate increased soil Ca by 704% versus the control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- Ca content of the soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 704%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium sulfate increased the Ca content of the soil by 1.25%, 9.82%, 20.11%, and 704% compared to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato plant height by 10.1% versus calcium nitrate.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.1%e0
- Comparator
- calcium nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poultry manure increased plant height by 10.1%, 11.2%, 20.3%, and 45.2% compared to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato plant height by 11.2% versus calcium sulfate.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 11.2%e0
- Comparator
- calcium sulfatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poultry manure increased plant height by 10.1%, 11.2%, 20.3%, and 45.2% compared to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato plant height by 20.3% versus biochar.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.3%e0
- Comparator
- biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poultry manure increased plant height by 10.1%, 11.2%, 20.3%, and 45.2% compared to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato plant height by 45.2% versus the control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.2%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Poultry manure increased plant height by 10.1%, 11.2%, 20.3%, and 45.2% compared to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
t0“Tomato Growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato fruit yield by 22.5% versus calcium nitrate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.5%e0
- Comparator
- calcium nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato fruit yield increased by 22.5%, 20.16%, 83.4%, and 382.5% relative to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
e1“Poultry manure increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato fruit yield by 20.16% versus calcium sulfate.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.16%e0
- Comparator
- calcium sulfatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato fruit yield increased by 22.5%, 20.16%, 83.4%, and 382.5% relative to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
e1“Poultry manure increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato fruit yield by 83.4% versus biochar.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 83.4%e0
- Comparator
- biochare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato fruit yield increased by 22.5%, 20.16%, 83.4%, and 382.5% relative to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
e1“Poultry manure increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure increased tomato fruit yield by 382.5% versus the control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Poultry manuree1
- Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 382.5%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato fruit yield increased by 22.5%, 20.16%, 83.4%, and 382.5% relative to calcium nitrate, calcium sulfate, biochar, and the control, respectively”
e1“Poultry manure increased plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate reduced tomato weight loss by 24.81%, 55.59%, 61.19% and 104.99% relative to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar and control, respectively.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfate treatmente0
- Outcome
- weight loss of tomatoe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 24.81%e0
- Comparator
- calcium nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and control, calcium sulfate treatment reduced weight loss of tomato by 24.81%, 55.59%, 61.19%, and 104.99%”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium sulfate increased tomato shelf life by 14.78%, 29.79%, 36.42% and 69.44% relative to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar and control, respectively.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- calcium sulfate treatmente0
- Outcome
- shelf lifee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 14.78%e0
- Comparator
- calcium nitratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Relative to calcium nitrate, poultry manure, biochar, and control, calcium sulfate treatment reduced weight loss of tomato by 24.81%, 55.59%, 61.19%, and 104.99% and increased shelf life by 14.78%, 29.79%, 36.42%, and 69.44%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attributed calcium sulfate’s shelf-life effect to its high calcium content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- calcium sulfate treatmente1
- Compound
- Cae0
- Outcome
- effectivenesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This effectiveness was attributed to its high Ca content”
e1“calcium sulfate treatment reduced weight loss of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend studying poultry manure combined with calcium sulfate for tomato yield, quality and shelf life.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- integration of poultry manure with calcium sulfatee0
- Outcome
- improve yield, quality, and shelf lifee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“future research should focus on the potential integration of poultry manure with calcium sulfate to develop an amendment that could improve yield, quality, and shelf life of tomatoes”
The same questions in other papers
calcium atom · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
42 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- no effect
49 papers more in this group
See all 53 papers →calcium atom · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results differ
66 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
75 papers more in this group
See all 79 papers →calcium sulfate · quality: postharvest · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
calcium sulfate · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fertilization · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
566 papers in the same direction as this paper · 93 in the opposite direction · 8 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- no effect
- negative
664 papers more in this group
See all 668 papers →fertilization · yield · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
849 papers in the same direction as this paper · 104 in the opposite direction · 24 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
974 papers more in this group
See all 978 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.