Abstract
`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla., to study the influence of water quantity, Ca source, and reduced K on incidence of blossom-end rot (BER), marketable fruit yield, and fruit and leaf Ca concentration. Tensiometers were used to schedule irrigation in main plots when the soil matric potential reached 10 or 25 kPa. Subplot nutritional treatments were no added Ca, Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Ca thiosulfate, CaCl 2 , CaSO 4 , and K rate reduced by 50%. Interactions between year and treatment were significant. During 2001, total marketable yields were higher with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or CaCl 2 compared to plants that received Ca thiosulfate and were higher from plants irrigated at 10 kPa than irrigated at 25 kPa. Number and weight of BER fruit were lower with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and reduced K than with no added Ca and CaSO 4 . Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 compared to all other nutritional treatments. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher from plants irrigated at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa. The reduction of NH 4 + -N, by the supply of N as NO 3 - , and the addition of supplemental Ca reduced the incidence of BER, and increased the leaf and fruit Ca concentrations. During 2002, marketable yields were higher with CaSO 4 than with CaCl 2 and reduced K. Weight and number of BER fruit were lower with irrigation at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa. Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher or similar from plants that received Ca(NO 3 ) 2 than with all other nutritional treatments. During the 2002 season, rainfall was less and temperatures and daily evapotranspiration (ET) were higher than in the 2001 season. In the 2002 season, 3.28 × 10 6 L·ha -1 of irrigation was applied as compared to 1.58 × 10 6 L·ha -1 in 2001. With an average Ca concentration of 76 mg·L -1 in the irrigation water, much more Ca was applied during the higher ET 2002 season. With the higher transpiration and temperature, water uptake and hence, Ca uptake were increased. During both seasons, the lowest Ca concentration was observed at the blossom end of the fruit and the highest Ca at the stem end of the fruit. Fruit Ca concentrations were lower and BER was 5 times higher in the lower ET, higher rainfall (lower irrigation) 2001 season compared to the higher ET, lower rainfall (higher irrigation) 2002 season. These data support that BER was a symptom of Ca deficiency and this deficiency was aggravated by high rainfall, low ET, and the resulting reduced irrigation applied and reduced Ca uptake.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001, total marketable yields were higher with Ca(NO3)2 or CaCl2 than with Ca thiosulfate.
- Taxon
- tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or CaCl 2e2
- Outcome
- total marketable yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- 2001e2
- Comparator
- Ca thiosulfatee2
- Setting
- Gainesville, Fla.e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“During 2001, total marketable yields were higher with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or CaCl 2 compared to plants that received Ca thiosulfate”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2001, total marketable yields were higher at 10 kPa irrigation than at 25 kPa.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- irrigated at 10 kPae3
- Outcome
- total marketable yieldse2
- Direction
- highere3
- Qualifier
- 2001e2
- Comparator
- irrigated at 25 kPae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“During 2001, total marketable yields were higher with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 or CaCl 2 compared to plants that received Ca thiosulfate”
e3“and were higher from plants irrigated at 10 kPa than irrigated at 25 kPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Number and weight of blossom-end rot fruit were lower with Ca(NO3)2 and reduced K than with no added Ca and CaSO4.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and reduced Ke2
- Outcome
- Number and weight of BER fruite2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- no added Ca and CaSO 4e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Number and weight of BER fruit were lower with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 and reduced K than with no added Ca and CaSO 4”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher with Ca(NO3)2 than with all other nutritional treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- Leaf and fruite2
- Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2e2
- Outcome
- Leaf and fruit Ca concentrationse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- all other nutritional treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher with Ca(NO 3 ) 2 compared to all other nutritional treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing NH4+-N in favour of NO3- supply and adding supplemental Ca reduced the incidence of blossom-end rot.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- reduction of NH 4 + -N, by the supply of N as NO 3 - , and the addition of supplemental Cae2
- Outcome
- incidence of BERe2
- Direction
- reducede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“The reduction of NH 4 + -N, by the supply of N as NO 3 - , and the addition of supplemental Ca reduced the incidence of BER, and increased the leaf and fruit Ca concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
The same treatments increased leaf and fruit Ca concentrations.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- reduction of NH 4 + -N, by the supply of N as NO 3 - , and the addition of supplemental Cae2
- Outcome
- leaf and fruit Ca concentrationse2
- Direction
- increasede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“The reduction of NH 4 + -N, by the supply of N as NO 3 - , and the addition of supplemental Ca reduced the incidence of BER, and increased the leaf and fruit Ca concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002, marketable yields were higher with CaSO4 than with CaCl2 and reduced K.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- CaSO 4e2
- Outcome
- marketable yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Qualifier
- 2002e2
- Comparator
- CaCl 2 and reduced Ke2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“During 2002, marketable yields were higher with CaSO 4 than with CaCl 2 and reduced K”
Claim · model-written summary
Weight and number of blossom-end rot fruit were lower with irrigation at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- irrigation at 10 kPae2
- Outcome
- Weight and number of BER fruite2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- at 25 kPae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Weight and number of BER fruit were lower with irrigation at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher at 10 kPa irrigation than at 25 kPa.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- irrigated at 10 kPae2
- Outcome
- Leaf and fruit Ca concentrationse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- at 25 kPae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were generally higher from plants irrigated at 10 kPa than at 25 kPa”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2002, leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher or similar with Ca(NO3)2 than with all other nutritional treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Ca(NO 3 ) 2e2
- Outcome
- Leaf and fruit Ca concentrationse2
- Direction
- higher or similare2
- Comparator
- all other nutritional treatmentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Leaf and fruit Ca concentrations were higher or similar from plants that received Ca(NO 3 ) 2 than with all other nutritional treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit Ca concentrations were lower in the 2001 season than in the 2002 season.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- Fruit Ca concentrationse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- higher ET, lower rainfall (higher irrigation) 2002 seasone2
- Setting
- lower ET, higher rainfall (lower irrigation) 2001 seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Fruit Ca concentrations were lower and BER was 5 times higher in the lower ET, higher rainfall (lower irrigation) 2001 season compared to the higher ET, lower rainfall (higher irrigation) 2002 season”
Claim · model-written summary
Blossom-end rot was 5 times higher in the 2001 season than in the 2002 season.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- BERe2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 5 timese2
- Comparator
- higher ET, lower rainfall (higher irrigation) 2002 seasone2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Fruit Ca concentrations were lower and BER was 5 times higher in the lower ET, higher rainfall (lower irrigation) 2001 season compared to the higher ET, lower rainfall (higher irrigation) 2002 season”
Claim · model-written summary
Blossom-end rot is a symptom of calcium deficiency.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- BERe2
- Qualifier
- a symptom of Ca deficiencye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“These data support that BER was a symptom of Ca deficiency and this deficiency was aggravated by high rainfall, low ET, and the resulting reduced irrigation applied and reduced Ca uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium deficiency was aggravated by high rainfall and low evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- Ca deficiencye2
- Qualifier
- aggravated by high rainfall, low ETe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“These data support that BER was a symptom of Ca deficiency and this deficiency was aggravated by high rainfall, low ET, and the resulting reduced irrigation applied and reduced Ca uptake”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher transpiration and temperature increased water uptake and hence calcium uptake.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- Ca uptakee2
- Qualifier
- higher transpiration and temperaturee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“With the higher transpiration and temperature, water uptake and hence, Ca uptake were increased”
Claim · model-written summary
In both seasons, fruit calcium concentration was lowest at the blossom end and highest at the stem end.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- blossom end of the fruite2
- Outcome
- Ca concentratione2
- Comparator
- stem end of the fruite2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“During both seasons, the lowest Ca concentration was observed at the blossom end of the fruit and the highest Ca at the stem end of the fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Interactions between year and treatment were significant.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- Interactions between year and treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“`Equinox' tomatoes ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown during the springs of 2001 and 2002 with black polyethylene-mulch and drip irrigation on an Arredondo fine sand in Gainesville, Fla.”
e2“Interactions between year and treatment were significant”
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