Abstract
The sustainable increase of total productivity by improving resources use efficiency in arid agricultural farming areas is crucial, and intercropping may be a good practice to be implemented in these arid regions. For this purpose, a three-year field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Gonabad, Gonabad, Iran to assess the agronomic and economic indices of intercropping patterns. The experiment treatments included C1: sole cotton, C2: sole sesame, and intercropping ratios (C3: 20:80, C4: 40:60, C5: 50:50, C6: 60:40, and C7: 80:20 cotton-sesame ratio). The results showed that the leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index were significantly higher in the intercropped plants compared to the sole cropped plants. The yield components of both crops (such as branches per plant, capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, and 1000-seed weight for sesame, and opened bolls per plant, closed boll per plant, and seed cotton per boll for cotton) significantly improved under intercropping. However, the highest sesame seed yield (2703, 1979, and 1358 kg ha-1, respectively) and seed cotton yield (3749, 2179, and 3426 kg ha-1, respectively) in the three experiment years were observed in the sole cropping treatment. The implementation of intercropping significantly improved the water use efficiency of the cropping system, so that the highest values in the first to third year (0.67, 0.51, and 0.41 kg m-3, respectively) were recorded in the C4, C3, and C7 treatments. The intercropping evaluation indices revealed the advantage of intercropping compared to the sole cropping. The highest value of the land equivalent ration in the first year (1.28) belonged to the C4 treatment, while in the second and third years, belonged to the C7 treatment (1.40 and 1.10, respectively). The calculation of the aggressivity index revealed that in most of the intercropping patterns, especially in the first and second years, cotton showed greater competitive ability than sesame. The highest actual yield loss value in the first year (0.64) belonged to the C3 treatment, while in the second and third years, belonged to the C7 treatment (1.42 and 0.34, respectively). The highest economic advantage in terms of the monetary advantage index in the first year was obtained by the C4 treatment (1140.5), and in the second and third years, was observed in the C7 treatment (940.6 and 265.5, respectively). The intercropping advantage index in the three experiment years was highest (1.41, 3.38, and 0.80, respectively) for the C7 treatment. Eventually, the results of this research show that cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping and this cropping system can significantly improve the resources use efficiency (especially water and land) in an arid area enjoying greater economic benefit than sole cropping
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly increased leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index compared with sole cropping.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesame
Gossypium hirsutum
Sesamum indicume0 - Treatment
- intercropped plantse1
- Outcome
- leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area indexe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- sole cropped plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“the leaf chlorophyll content and leaf area index were significantly higher in the intercropped plants compared to the sole cropped plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly improved the yield components of both crops.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- intercroppinge1
- Outcome
- yield componentse1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The yield components of both crops (such as branches per plant, capsules per plant, seeds per capsule, and 1000-seed weight for sesame, and opened bolls per plant, closed boll per plant, and seed cotton per boll for cotton) significantly improved under intercropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Sesame seed yield was highest in the sole cropping treatment, at 2703, 1979, and 1358 kg/ha in the three years.
- Taxon
- sesameSesamum indicume1
- Treatment
- sole cropping treatmente1
- Outcome
- sesame seed yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 2703, 1979, and 1358 kg ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the highest sesame seed yield (2703, 1979, and 1358 kg ha-1, respectively) and seed cotton yield (3749, 2179, and 3426 kg ha-1, respectively) in the three experiment years were observed in the sole cropping treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed cotton yield was highest in the sole cropping treatment, at 3749, 2179, and 3426 kg/ha in the three years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- sole cropping treatmente1
- Outcome
- seed cotton yielde1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 3749, 2179, and 3426 kg ha-1e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the highest sesame seed yield (2703, 1979, and 1358 kg ha-1, respectively) and seed cotton yield (3749, 2179, and 3426 kg ha-1, respectively) in the three experiment years were observed in the sole cropping treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping significantly improved the water use efficiency of the cropping system.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- implementation of intercroppinge1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The implementation of intercropping significantly improved the water use efficiency of the cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest water use efficiency values, 0.67, 0.51, and 0.41 kg/m3 in the three years, were recorded in the C4, C3, and C7 treatments.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C4, C3, and C7 treatmentse2
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 0.67, 0.51, and 0.41 kg m-3e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The implementation of intercropping significantly improved the water use efficiency of the cropping system”
e2“the highest values in the first to third year (0.67, 0.51, and 0.41 kg m-3, respectively) were recorded in the C4, C3, and C7 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest land equivalent ratio in the first year, 1.28, belonged to the C4 treatment.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C4 treatmente1
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.28e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The highest value of the land equivalent ration in the first year (1.28) belonged to the C4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second and third years the highest land equivalent ratio, 1.40 and 1.10, belonged to the C7 treatment.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C7 treatmente2
- Outcome
- land equivalent ratione1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.40 and 1.10e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The highest value of the land equivalent ration in the first year (1.28) belonged to the C4 treatment”
e2“in the second and third years, belonged to the C7 treatment (1.40 and 1.10, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton showed greater competitive ability than sesame in most intercropping patterns, especially in the first and second years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- intercropping patternse1
- Outcome
- competitive abilitye1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- sesamee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“in most of the intercropping patterns, especially in the first and second years, cotton showed greater competitive ability than sesame”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest actual yield loss value in the first year, 0.64, belonged to the C3 treatment.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C3 treatmente1
- Outcome
- actual yield loss valuee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 0.64e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The highest actual yield loss value in the first year (0.64) belonged to the C3 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second and third years the highest actual yield loss value, 1.42 and 0.34, belonged to the C7 treatment.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C7 treatmente2
- Outcome
- actual yield loss valuee1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.42 and 0.34e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The highest actual yield loss value in the first year (0.64) belonged to the C3 treatment”
e2“in the second and third years, belonged to the C7 treatment (1.42 and 0.34, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest monetary advantage index in the first year, 1140.5, was obtained by the C4 treatment.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C4 treatmente1
- Outcome
- monetary advantage indexe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1140.5e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The highest economic advantage in terms of the monetary advantage index in the first year was obtained by the C4 treatment (1140.5)”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second and third years the highest monetary advantage index, 940.6 and 265.5, was observed in the C7 treatment.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C7 treatmente2
- Outcome
- monetary advantage indexe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 940.6 and 265.5e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The highest economic advantage in terms of the monetary advantage index in the first year was obtained by the C4 treatment (1140.5)”
e2“in the second and third years, was observed in the C7 treatment (940.6 and 265.5, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
The intercropping advantage index was highest for the C7 treatment in the three years, at 1.41, 3.38, and 0.80.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume0
- Treatment
- C7 treatmente1
- Outcome
- intercropping advantage indexe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 1.41, 3.38, and 0.80e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping”
e1“The intercropping advantage index in the three experiment years was highest (1.41, 3.38, and 0.80, respectively) for the C7 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton and sesame adapt to intercropping, and this system can significantly improve resource use efficiency, especially water and land, with greater economic benefit than sole cropping in an arid area.
- Taxon
- cotton and sesameGossypium hirsutumSesamum indicume1
- Treatment
- this cropping systeme1
- Outcome
- resources use efficiencye1
- Direction
- improvee1
- Comparator
- sole croppinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“cotton and sesame are able to adapt well to the intercropping and this cropping system can significantly improve the resources use efficiency (especially water and land) in an arid area enjoying greater economic benefit than sole cropping”
The same questions in other papers
intercropping · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Results differ
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intercropping · physiology: water · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
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intercropping · yield · Sesamum indicum (sesame)Positive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
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See all 30 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.