Abstract
The regular application of mineral and organic fertilizers is one of the essential components of the agricultural intensification. The applied fertilizers lead to artificial enrichment of the soil environment with readily available substrates and biophilic elements, which can have a significant impact on the soil and rhizosphere microbiome. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of different fertilizer systems on the quantitative parameters of various microbial groups in soddy-podzolic soil (Umbric Albic Retisol) and the rhizosphere of potatoes and barley. The study was carried out on a long-term field experiment, in which mineral (NPK), organic (manure) and mixed (NPK + manure) fertilizer systems have been applied since 1968. The application of organic fertilizers increased the microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) in the bulk soil and the rhizosphere by 25–100% compared to the soil without fertilizers, while the use of mineral fertilizers, on the contrary, decreased it by 10–30%. Basal respiration and respiratory coefficient (qСО2) increased in the row: without fertilizers NPK NPK + manure manure. The gene copies number of bacteria, archaea, and fungi significantly increased (1.5–2.5 times) under organic fertilizers and decreased (2–2.5 times) under NPK. The varied from 32 to 100 and from 0.10 to 0.92 by the luminescent microscopy and quantitative PCR, respectively. The lowest fungi/bacteria ratios were revealed for variants with NPK, and the highest fungi/bacteria ratios were in variants with manure. Thus, the applied doses of mineral fertilizers must be compensated by the introduction of fresh organic matter in order to maintain the stability of the soil-microbe-plant system.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizer increased microbial biomass carbon in bulk soil and the rhizosphere by 25–100% relative to unfertilized soil.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barley
Solanum tuberosum.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) in the bulk soil and the rhizospheree0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25–100%e0
- Comparator
- soil without fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The application of organic fertilizers increased the microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) in the bulk soil and the rhizosphere by 25–100% compared to the soil without fertilizers”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Mineral fertilizer decreased microbial biomass carbon by 10–30%.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- ite0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 10–30%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while the use of mineral fertilizers, on the contrary, decreased it by 10–30%.”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Basal respiration increased in the sequence no fertilizer, NPK, NPK plus manure, manure.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- without fertilizers NPK NPK + manure manuree0
- Outcome
- Basal respiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basal respiration and respiratory coefficient (qСО2) increased in the row: without fertilizers NPK NPK + manure manure.”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Respiratory coefficient increased in the sequence no fertilizer, NPK, NPK plus manure, manure.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- without fertilizers NPK NPK + manure manuree0
- Outcome
- respiratory coefficient (qСО2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Basal respiration and respiratory coefficient (qСО2) increased in the row: without fertilizers NPK NPK + manure manure.”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic fertilizers significantly increased bacterial, archaeal and fungal gene copy numbers by 1.5–2.5 times.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- organic fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- gene copies number of bacteria, archaea, and fungie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.5–2.5 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The gene copies number of bacteria, archaea, and fungi significantly increased (1.5–2.5 times) under organic fertilizers”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK reduced bacterial, archaeal and fungal gene copy numbers by 2–2.5 times.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- decreasede0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 2–2.5 timese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and decreased (2–2.5 times) under NPK.”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungi to bacteria ratios were lowest under NPK.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- NPKe0
- Outcome
- fungi/bacteria ratiose0
- Direction
- loweste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest fungi/bacteria ratios were revealed for variants with NPK”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungi to bacteria ratios were highest under manure.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- manuree0
- Outcome
- fungi/bacteria ratiose0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the highest fungi/bacteria ratios were in variants with manure”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend compensating mineral fertilizer doses with fresh organic matter to maintain soil-microbe-plant system stability.
- Taxon
- potatoes and barleySolanum tuberosumHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- mineral fertilizerse0
- Outcome
- introduction of fresh organic mattere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the applied doses of mineral fertilizers must be compensated by the introduction of fresh organic matter in order to maintain the stability of the soil-microbe-plant system.”
t0“rhizosphere of potatoes and barley”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.