Abstract
Drought and salinity are the major abiotic stress factors negatively affecting the morphophysiological, biochemical, and anatomical characteristics of numerous plant species worldwide. The detrimental effects of these environmental factors can be seen in leaf and stem anatomical structures including the decrease in thickness of cell walls, palisade and spongy tissue, phloem and xylem tissue. Also, the disintegration of grana staking, and an increase in the size of mitochondria were observed under salinity and drought conditions. Drought and salt stresses can significantly decrease plant height, number of leaves and branches, leaf area, fresh and dry weight, or plant relative water content (RWC%) and concentration of photosynthetic pigments. On the other hand, stress-induced lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, electrolyte leakage (EL%), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can increase under salinity and drought conditions. Antioxidant defense systems such as catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbic acid, and gamma-aminobutyric acid are essential components under drought and salt stresses to protect the plant organelles from oxidative damage caused by ROS. The application of safe and eco-friendly treatments is a very important strategy to overcome the adverse effects of drought and salinity on the growth characteristics and yield of plants. It is shown that treatments with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve morphoanatomical characteristics under salinity and drought stress. It is also shown that yeast extract, mannitol, proline, melatonin, silicon, chitosan, α -Tocopherols (vitamin E), and biochar alleviate the negative effects of drought and salinity stresses through the ROS scavenging resulting in the improvement of plant attributes and yield of the stressed plants. This review discusses the role of safety and eco-friendly treatments in alleviating the harmful effects of salinity and drought associated with the improvement of the anatomical, morphophysiological, and biochemical features in plants.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salinity reduce thickness of leaf and stem cell walls, palisade and spongy tissues, phloem and xylem.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Organ / stage
- leaf and steme0
- Outcome
- thickness of cell walls, palisade and spongy tissue, phloem and xylem tissuee0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Verbatim
e0“The detrimental effects of these environmental factors can be seen in leaf and stem anatomical structures including the decrease in thickness of cell walls, palisade and spongy tissue, phloem and xylem tissue.”
t0“plants under abiotic stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and drought are associated with grana disintegration and larger mitochondria.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Treatment
- salinity and drought conditionse0
- Outcome
- disintegration of grana staking, and an increase in the size of mitochondriae0
Verbatim
e0“the disintegration of grana staking, and an increase in the size of mitochondria were observed under salinity and drought conditions.”
t0“plants under abiotic stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and salt stress decrease plant growth, water content and photosynthetic pigments.
Verbatim
e0“Drought and salt stresses can significantly decrease plant height, number of leaves and branches, leaf area, fresh and dry weight, or plant relative water content (RWC%) and concentration of photosynthetic pigments.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salinity and drought increase lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen species.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, electrolyte leakage (EL%), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- increasee0
Verbatim
e0“stress-induced lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) production, electrolyte leakage (EL%), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can increase under salinity and drought conditions.”
t0“plants under abiotic stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant growth-promoting bacteria improve plant morphoanatomical characteristics under drought and salinity.
Verbatim
e0“treatments with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve morphoanatomical characteristics under salinity and drought stress.”
t0“plants under abiotic stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The reviewed safety treatments alleviate drought and salinity damage and improve plant attributes and yield through ROS scavenging.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- yeast extract, mannitol, proline, melatonin, silicon, chitosan, α -Tocopherols (vitamin E), and biochare0
- Outcome
- improvement of plant attributes and yielde0
- Qualifier
- through the ROS scavenginge0
Verbatim
e0“yeast extract, mannitol, proline, melatonin, silicon, chitosan, α -Tocopherols (vitamin E), and biochar alleviate the negative effects of drought and salinity stresses through the ROS scavenging resulting in the improvement of plant attributes and yield of the stressed plants.”