Abstract
Saline and alkaline stresses limit plant growth and reduce crop yield. Soil salinization and alkalization seriously threaten the sustainable development of agriculture and the virtuous cycle of ecology. Biofertilizers made from plant growth−promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) not only enhance plant growth and stress tolerance, but also are environmentally friendly and cost-effective. There have been many studies on the mechanisms underlying PGPRs enhancing plant salt resistance. However, there is limited knowledge about the interaction between PGPR and plants under alkaline–sodic stress. To clarify the mechanisms underlying PGPR’s improvement of plants’ tolerance to alkaline–sodic stress, we screened PGPR from the rhizosphere microorganisms of local plants growing in alkaline–sodic land and selected an efficient strain, Bacillus altitudinis AD13−4, as the research object. Our results indicate that the strain AD13−4 can produce various growth-promoting substances to regulate plant endogenous hormone levels, cell division and differentiation, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity, etc. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the strain AD13−4 significantly affected metabolism and secondary metabolism, signal transduction, photosynthesis, redox processes, and plant–pathogen interactions. Under alkaline–sodic conditions, inoculation of the strain AD13−4 significantly improved plant biomass and the contents of metabolites (e.g., soluble proteins and sugars) as well as secondary metabolites (e.g., phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids). The 16S rRNA gene sequencing results indicated that the strain AD13−4 significantly affected the abundance and composition of the rhizospheric microbiota and improved soil activities and physiochemical properties. Our study provides theoretical support for the optimization of saline–alkali-tolerant PGPR and valuable information for elucidating the mechanism of plant alkaline–sodic tolerance.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 produced growth-promoting substances.
- Taxon
- Bacillus altitudinis AD13−4Bacillus altitudinist0
- Outcome
- growth-promoting substancese0
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 can produce various growth-promoting substances”
t0“Bacillus altitudinis AD13−4”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 affected plant hormone levels, cell division, photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant endogenous hormone levels, cell division and differentiation, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 can produce various growth-promoting substances to regulate plant endogenous hormone levels, cell division and differentiation, photosynthesis, antioxidant capacity”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 affected metabolic and secondary-metabolic transcripts.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- metabolism and secondary metabolisme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 significantly affected metabolism and secondary metabolism, signal transduction, photosynthesis, redox processes, and plant–pathogen interactions”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 affected signal-transduction, photosynthesis and redox transcripts.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- signal transduction, photosynthesis, redox processese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 significantly affected metabolism and secondary metabolism, signal transduction, photosynthesis, redox processes, and plant–pathogen interactions”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 affected plant-pathogen-interaction transcripts.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant–pathogen interactionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 significantly affected metabolism and secondary metabolism, signal transduction, photosynthesis, redox processes, and plant–pathogen interactions”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
Under alkaline-sodic stress, AD13−4 increased plant biomass.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of the strain AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- Under alkaline–sodic conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under alkaline–sodic conditions, inoculation of the strain AD13−4 significantly improved plant biomass”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 increased soluble protein and sugar content under alkaline-sodic stress.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of the strain AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- contents of metabolites (e.g., soluble proteins and sugars)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of the strain AD13−4 significantly improved plant biomass and the contents of metabolites (e.g., soluble proteins and sugars)”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 increased phenol, flavonoid and terpenoid content.
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- inoculation of the strain AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites (e.g., phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of the strain AD13−4 significantly improved plant biomass and the contents of metabolites (e.g., soluble proteins and sugars) as well as secondary metabolites (e.g., phenols, flavonoids, and terpenoids)”
t0“Alfalfa”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 significantly changed rhizosphere microbial abundance and composition.
- Taxon
- rhizospheric microbiotae0
- Treatment
- AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- abundance and composition of the rhizospheric microbiotae0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 significantly affected the abundance and composition of the rhizospheric microbiota”
Claim · model-written summary
AD13−4 improved soil activity and physicochemical properties.
- Treatment
- AD13−4e0
- Interactor
- AD13−4e0symbiont
- Outcome
- soil activities and physiochemical propertiese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“the strain AD13−4 significantly affected the abundance and composition of the rhizospheric microbiota and improved soil activities and physiochemical properties”
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