Abstract
Introduction: In the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region, crop production is being affected by various abiotic factors, including freshwater scarcity, climate, and soil salinity. As a result, farmers in this region are in search of salt-tolerant crops that can thrive in these harsh environments, using poor-quality groundwater. The main staple food crop for most of the countries in this region, Tunisia included, is barley. Methods: The present study was designed to investigate the sensitivity and tolerance of six distinct barley genotypes to aridity and salinity stresses in five different natural field environments by measuring their photosynthetic activity. Results and discussion: The results revealed that tolerant genotypes were significantly less affected by these stress factors than sensitive genotypes. The genotypes that were more susceptible to salinity and aridity stress exhibited a significant decline in their photosynthetic activity. Additionally, the fluorescence yields in growth phases J, I, and P declined significantly in the order of humid environment (BEJ), semi-arid site (KAI), and arid environment (MED) and became more significant when salt stress was added through the use of saline water for irrigation. The stress adversely affected the quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φP0), the quantum yield of electron transport (φE0), and the efficiency by trapped excitation (ψ0) in the vulnerable barley genotypes. Moreover, the performance index (PI) of the photosystem II (PSII) was found to be the most distinguishing parameter among the genotypes tested. The PI of sensitive genotypes was adversely affected by aridity and salinity. The PI of ICARDA20 and Konouz decreased by approximately 18% and 33%, respectively, when irrigated with non-saline water. The reduction was even greater, reaching 39%, for both genotypes when irrigated with saline water. However, tolerant genotypes Souihli and Batini 100/1B were less impacted by these stress factors.The fluorescence study provided insights into the photosynthetic apparatus of barley genotypes under stress. It enabled reliable salinity tolerance screening. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curve had an inflection point (step K) even before the onset of visible signs of stress, indicating physiological disturbances, making chlorophyll fluorescence an effective tool for identifying salinity tolerance in barley.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Tolerant barley genotypes were significantly less affected by aridity and salinity than sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Material
- tolerant genotypese0
- Outcome
- less affected by these stress factorse0
- Direction
- less affectede0
- Comparator
- sensitive genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“tolerant genotypes were significantly less affected by these stress factors than sensitive genotypes”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Susceptible genotypes had a significant decline in photosynthetic activity under salinity and aridity.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- genotypes that were more susceptiblee0
- Treatment
- salinity and aridity stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic activitye0
- Direction
- declinee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genotypes that were more susceptible to salinity and aridity stress exhibited a significant decline in their photosynthetic activity”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Fluorescence yields in phases J, I and P declined significantly from humid through semi-arid to arid environments.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- growth phases J, I, and Pe0
- Outcome
- fluorescence yieldse0
- Direction
- declinede0
- Setting
- humid environment (BEJ), semi-arid site (KAI), and arid environment (MED)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fluorescence yields in growth phases J, I, and P declined significantly in the order of humid environment (BEJ), semi-arid site (KAI), and arid environment (MED)”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Saline irrigation intensified the fluorescence yield decline.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- saline water for irrigatione0
- Outcome
- fluorescence yieldse0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fluorescence yields in growth phases J, I, and P declined significantly in the order of humid environment (BEJ), semi-arid site (KAI), and arid environment (MED) and became more significant when salt stress was added through the use of saline water for irrigation”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress adversely affected the quantum yield of primary photochemistry in vulnerable genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- The stresse0
- Outcome
- quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φP0)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The stress adversely affected the quantum yield of primary photochemistry (φP0)”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress adversely affected electron transport quantum yield and trapped-excitation efficiency in vulnerable genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- vulnerable barley genotypese0
- Outcome
- quantum yield of electron transport (φE0), and the efficiency by trapped excitation (ψ0)e0
Not reportedTreatmentDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the quantum yield of electron transport (φE0), and the efficiency by trapped excitation (ψ0) in the vulnerable barley genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
PSII performance index was the most distinguishing parameter among the tested genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- most distinguishing parametere0
- Comparator
- genotypes testede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The performance index (PI) of the photosystem II (PSII) was found to be the most distinguishing parameter among the genotypes tested”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Aridity and salinity adversely affected performance index in sensitive genotypes.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- sensitive genotypese0
- Treatment
- aridity and salinitye0
- Outcome
- PIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PI of sensitive genotypes was adversely affected by aridity and salinity”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
ICARDA20 performance index decreased about 18% with non-saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- ICARDA20e0
- Treatment
- non-saline watere0
- Outcome
- PIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- approximately 18%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PI of ICARDA20 and Konouz decreased by approximately 18% and 33%, respectively, when irrigated with non-saline water”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Konouz performance index decreased about 33% with non-saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Konouze0
- Treatment
- non-saline watere0
- Outcome
- PIe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 33%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PI of ICARDA20 and Konouz decreased by approximately 18% and 33%, respectively, when irrigated with non-saline water”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Performance index decreased 39% in both ICARDA20 and Konouz under saline irrigation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- both genotypese0
- Treatment
- saline watere0
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 39%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction was even greater, reaching 39%, for both genotypes when irrigated with saline water”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Souihli and Batini 100/1B were less affected by the stresses.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Material
- Souihli and Batini 100/1Be0
- Treatment
- these stress factorse0
- Outcome
- less impactede0
- Direction
- less impactede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tolerant genotypes Souihli and Batini 100/1B were less impacted by these stress factors”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll fluorescence enabled reliable salinity tolerance screening.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- reliable salinity tolerance screeninge0
Not reportedComparatorDirectionValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It enabled reliable salinity tolerance screening”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The chlorophyll a fluorescence curve had a step K inflection before visible stress signs.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- inflection point (step K)e0
- Qualifier
- before the onset of visible signs of stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the chlorophyll a fluorescence induction curve had an inflection point (step K) even before the onset of visible signs of stress”
t0“barley”
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