Abstract
The invasive vine Sicyos angulatus L. destroys the natural ecosystem of invaded areas. Understanding the differences in growth and development between S. angulatus and other plants is necessary to explore the invasion mechanisms of S. angulatus and implement appropriate prevention and control measures. Thus, this study compared the growth, photosynthesis, and root characteristics of invasive liana S. angulatus and other three vine plants, Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth, Ipomoea purpurea (L.), and Thladiantha dubia Bunge, at different growth stages: seedling, flowering, and fruiting. The results showed that the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants, and the root biomass ratio and root–shoot ratio decreased throughout the growth stage. Throughout the growth stage, the total leaf area of S. angulatus was significantly higher than that of the other three plant types, and the specific leaf area of S. angulatus at the seedling and flowering stages was 2.5–3 and 1.4–3 times that of the other three plants, respectively. The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of S. angulatus at the fruiting stage were significantly higher than those of the other three plants, and its water use efficiency was higher than that of the other three plants at the three growth stages, indicating its strong photosynthetic capacity. The root activity and root pressure of S. angulatus were also significantly higher than those of the other three plants at the seedling and flowering stages. These results show that S. angulatus flexibly allocates resources to its aboveground parts during the growth stage to ensure that the plant obtains the space necessary for its growth and development and that with the help of higher root pressure and root activity, S. angulatus can maintain higher photosynthesis and water use efficiency with fewer resources. Therefore, the prevention and control of S. angulatus requires a combination of aboveground and underground measures. Spraying conventional weedicide/herbicide and manually removing aboveground plants may lead to its resurgence.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
S. angulatus fruiting biomass was three to six times that of the other vines.
- Taxon
- S. angulatus
Sicyos angulatuse0e1 - Organ / stage
- fruiting stagee0
- Outcome
- total biomasse0
- Value
- 3–6 timese0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root biomass ratio and root–shoot ratio decreased across development.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Outcome
- root biomass ratio and root–shoot ratioe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the root biomass ratio and root–shoot ratio decreased throughout the growth stage”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
S. angulatus had significantly greater total leaf area than the other vines.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Outcome
- total leaf areae0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the other three plant typese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the total leaf area of S. angulatus was significantly higher than that of the other three plant types”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area was 2.5–3 times higher at the seedling stage.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Organ / stage
- seedlinge0
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae0
- Value
- 2.5–3e0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the specific leaf area of S. angulatus at the seedling and flowering stages was 2.5–3 and 1.4–3 times that of the other three plants, respectively”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Specific leaf area was 1.4–3 times higher at flowering.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Organ / stage
- floweringe0
- Outcome
- specific leaf areae0
- Value
- 1.4–3e0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the specific leaf area of S. angulatus at the seedling and flowering stages was 2.5–3 and 1.4–3 times that of the other three plants, respectively”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration were significantly higher at fruiting.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Organ / stage
- fruiting stagee0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate of S. angulatus at the fruiting stage were significantly higher than those of the other three plants”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Water use efficiency was higher at all three stages.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- three growth stagese0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its water use efficiency was higher than that of the other three plants at the three growth stages”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Root activity and pressure were significantly higher at seedling and flowering stages.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Organ / stage
- seedling and flowering stagese0
- Outcome
- root activity and root pressuree0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the other three plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root activity and root pressure of S. angulatus were also significantly higher than those of the other three plants at the seedling and flowering stages”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined aboveground and underground control.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Outcome
- a combination of aboveground and underground measurese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the prevention and control of S. angulatus requires a combination of aboveground and underground measures”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aboveground herbicide spraying or manual removal may permit resurgence.
- Taxon
- S. angulatusSicyos angulatuse0e1
- Treatment
- Spraying conventional weedicide/herbicide and manually removing aboveground plantse0
- Outcome
- may lead to its resurgencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spraying conventional weedicide/herbicide and manually removing aboveground plants may lead to its resurgence”
e1“the total biomass of S. angulatus in the fruiting stage was 3–6 times that of the other three plants”