Abstract
This study explores the reduction of carbamates (CAs) and pyrethroids (PYs) - commonly used pesticides - in lettuce using various immersion solutions and ultrasonic processing. It also examines the role of machine learning and molecular docking in understanding the mechanisms of pesticide reduction. The results revealed that the highest reduction of both CAs and PYs exceeded 80 % on lettuce leaves. In most samples, the reduction increased with the power of ultrasonic processing and processing time. The results of machine learning models (XGBoost and SHAP) showed that during the immersion cleaning of CAs and PYs, as well as during both immersion cleaning and ultrasonic processing of CAs + PYs, the reduction was most influenced by the initial pesticide levels and immersion time. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of lettuce's wax layer identified 24 compounds, including fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and triterpenoids. Despite the absence of active sites, the lipophilic nature of long-chain aliphatic compounds aids in pesticide binding, while triterpenoids form strong hydrogen bonds with pesticides, indicating a robust adsorption on the lettuce surface. This study aims to offer insights into the efficient removal of chemical pesticide residues from fruits and vegetables, addressing critical concerns for food safety and human health.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Immersion solutions and ultrasonic processing reduced carbamate and pyrethroid residues on lettuce leaves by more than 80 % at the highest.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae1 - Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- various immersion solutions and ultrasonic processinge0
- Outcome
- highest reduction of both CAs and PYse1
- Direction
- exceedede1
- Value
- 80 %e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in lettuce using various immersion solutions and ultrasonic processing”
e1“The results revealed that the highest reduction of both CAs and PYs exceeded 80 % on lettuce leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Pesticide reduction on lettuce increased with ultrasonic power and processing time in most samples.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- the power of ultrasonic processing and processing timee2
- Outcome
- the reductione2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Qualifier
- In most samplese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the highest reduction of both CAs and PYs exceeded 80 % on lettuce leaves”
e2“In most samples, the reduction increased with the power of ultrasonic processing and processing time”
Claim · model-written summary
Initial pesticide levels and immersion time were the factors most influencing pesticide reduction on lettuce.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae1
- Treatment
- initial pesticide levels and immersion timee3
- Outcome
- reductione3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The results revealed that the highest reduction of both CAs and PYs exceeded 80 % on lettuce leaves”
e3“the reduction was most influenced by the initial pesticide levels and immersion time”
Claim · model-written summary
GC-MS analysis of the lettuce wax layer identified 24 compounds.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae4
- Organ / stage
- wax layere4
- Outcome
- identified 24 compoundse4
- Value
- 24 compoundse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of lettuce's wax layer identified 24 compounds, including fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and triterpenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-chain aliphatic wax compounds are proposed to aid pesticide binding on lettuce despite the absence of active sites.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae5
- Compound
- long-chain aliphatic compoundse5
- Outcome
- pesticide bindinge5
- Qualifier
- Despite the absence of active sitese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Despite the absence of active sites, the lipophilic nature of long-chain aliphatic compounds aids in pesticide binding, while triterpenoids form strong hydrogen bonds with pesticides, indicating a robust adsorption on the lettuce surface”
Claim · model-written summary
Triterpenoids are proposed to form strong hydrogen bonds with pesticides, indicating robust adsorption on the lettuce surface.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae5
- Compound
- triterpenoidse5
- Outcome
- adsorption on the lettuce surfacee5
- Qualifier
- form strong hydrogen bonds with pesticidese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Despite the absence of active sites, the lipophilic nature of long-chain aliphatic compounds aids in pesticide binding, while triterpenoids form strong hydrogen bonds with pesticides, indicating a robust adsorption on the lettuce surface”
The same questions in other papers
application · molecular: metabolites · Lactuca sativa (garden lettuce)Positive and negative results
12 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.