Abstract
Abstract The n ‐hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethanol/water (70% ethanol), and water extracts of Astragalus aduncus aerial parts were investigated for their antioxidant potential, enzyme inhibition activity (anti‐acetylcholinesterase [AChE], anti‐butyrylcholinesterase [BChE], antityrosinase, antiamylase, and antiglucosidase) and antiproliferative effect (against colon adenocarcinoma cell line [HT‐29], gastric cancer cell line [HGC‐27], prostate carcinoma cell line [DU‐145], breast adenocarcinoma cell line [MDA‐MB‐231], and cervix adenocarcinoma cell line [HeLa]). In addition, the phytochemical profile of the extracts was evaluated using validated spectrophotometric and high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectroscopy methods. Generally, the 70% ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant properties, and it was the richest source of total phenolic constituents. Our findings indicated that the ethyl acetate extract was the most potent BChE inhibitor (11.44 mg galantamine equivalents [GALAE]/g) followed by the ethanol extract (8.51 mg GALAE/g), while the ethanol extract was the most promising AChE inhibitor (3.42 mg GALAE/g) followed by the ethanol/water extract (3.17 mg GALAE/g). Excellent tyrosinase inhibitory activity (66.25 mg kojic acid equivalent/g) was observed in ethanol/water extracts of the aerial part of A . aduncus . Тhese results showed that the most cytotoxic effects were exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract against HGC‐27 cells (IC 50 : 36.76 µg/mL), the ethanol extract against HT‐29 cells (IC 50 : 30.79 µg/mL), and the water extract against DU‐145 cells (IC 50 : 37.01 µg/mL). A strong correlation was observed between the highest total flavonoid content and the highest content of individual compounds in the ethanol extract, including rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (delphinidin‐3,5‐ O ‐diglucoside), and kaempferol‐3‐glucoside (kaempferol‐3‐ O ‐glucoside). In the present study, the A. aduncus plant was considered a new source of antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, and anticancer agents and could be used as a future health‐benefit natural product.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanol extract had the strongest antioxidant properties.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Material
- 70% ethanol extracte0
- Outcome
- antioxidant propertiese0
- Direction
- strongeste0
Verbatim
e0“the 70% ethanol extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant properties”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
The 70% ethanol extract had the highest total phenolic constituents.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Outcome
- total phenolic constituentse0
- Direction
- richeste0
Verbatim
e0“it was the richest source of total phenolic constituents”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethyl acetate extract inhibited BChE at 11.44 mg GALAE/g.
Verbatim
e0“the ethyl acetate extract was the most potent BChE inhibitor (11.44 mg galantamine equivalents [GALAE]/g)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol extract inhibited BChE at 8.51 mg GALAE/g.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Material
- ethanol extracte0
- Outcome
- BChE inhibitore0
- Value
- 8.51 mg GALAE/ge0
Verbatim
e0“the ethyl acetate extract was the most potent BChE inhibitor (11.44 mg galantamine equivalents [GALAE]/g) followed by the ethanol extract (8.51 mg GALAE/g)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol extract inhibited AChE at 3.42 mg GALAE/g.
Verbatim
e0“the ethanol extract was the most promising AChE inhibitor (3.42 mg GALAE/g)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol/water extract inhibited AChE at 3.17 mg GALAE/g.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Material
- ethanol/water extracte0
- Outcome
- AChE inhibitore0
- Value
- 3.17 mg GALAE/ge0
Verbatim
e0“the ethanol extract was the most promising AChE inhibitor (3.42 mg GALAE/g) followed by the ethanol/water extract (3.17 mg GALAE/g)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol/water extract showed tyrosinase inhibition of 66.25 mg kojic acid equivalent/g.
Verbatim
e0“Excellent tyrosinase inhibitory activity (66.25 mg kojic acid equivalent/g) was observed in ethanol/water extracts of the aerial part of A . aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethyl acetate extract had an HGC-27 cytotoxic IC50 of 36.76 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Material
- ethyl acetate extracte0
- Outcome
- cytotoxic effectse0
- Value
- 36.76 µg/mLe0
Verbatim
e0“the most cytotoxic effects were exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract against HGC‐27 cells (IC 50 : 36.76 µg/mL)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethanol extract had an HT-29 cytotoxic IC50 of 30.79 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Material
- ethanol extracte0
- Outcome
- cytotoxic effectse0
- Value
- 30.79 µg/mLe0
Verbatim
e0“the most cytotoxic effects were exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract against HGC‐27 cells (IC 50 : 36.76 µg/mL), the ethanol extract against HT‐29 cells (IC 50 : 30.79 µg/mL)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Water extract had a DU-145 cytotoxic IC50 of 37.01 µg/mL.
- Taxon
- Astragalus aduncusAstragalus aduncust0
- Material
- water extracte0
- Outcome
- cytotoxic effectse0
- Value
- 37.01 µg/mLe0
Verbatim
e0“the most cytotoxic effects were exhibited by the ethyl acetate extract against HGC‐27 cells (IC 50 : 36.76 µg/mL), the ethanol extract against HT‐29 cells (IC 50 : 30.79 µg/mL), and the water extract against DU‐145 cells (IC 50 : 37.01 µg/mL)”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid content correlated strongly with individual compounds in the ethanol extract.
Verbatim
e0“A strong correlation was observed between the highest total flavonoid content and the highest content of individual compounds in the ethanol extract, including rutin, hyperoside, isoquercitrin, delphinidin‐3,5‐diglucoside (delphinidin‐3,5‐ O ‐diglucoside), and kaempferol‐3‐glucoside (kaempferol‐3‐ O ‐glucoside).”
t0“Astragalus aduncus”