Abstract
Abstract Sosnowski hogweed is an invasive weed in eastern-middle Europe that is dangerous to human health and the environment. The efficacy of its control using chemical and mechanical methods is limited. Electromagnetic radiation (microwaves) could be an environmentally friendly alternative for controlling this species. This study aims to: (1) Determine the effect of varying microwave treatment (MWT) durations on the control of S. hogweed using a device emitting microwaves at 2.45 GHz, 32.8 kW/m 2 ; (2) Evaluate the impact of MWT on soil by an ecotoxicological bioassays; (3) Analyze biochemical changes occurring in the roots during the process. A field study was performed to assess the efficacy of S. hogweed control using MWT in times from 2.5 to 15 min. The MWT-treated soil was collected immediately after treatment (AT) and tested using bioassays (Phytotoxkit, Ostracodtoxkit, and Microtox). Fourteen days AT, the MWT hogweed roots were dug out, air-dried, and analyzed for the content and composition of essential oil, sugars, and fatty acids. According to the ecotoxicological biotests, the MWT soils were classified as non-toxic or low-toxic. The regeneration of hogweed was observed only in non-treated plants (control). Hogweed MWT for 2.5–15 min did not regenerate up to 14 days AT. The average weight of roots in hogweed MWT for 15.0 min was ca. two times smaller than the control plants. Those roots contained significantly higher amounts of sugars and saturated fatty acids than the control. We did not find a correlation between S. hogweed root essential oil content and composition and MWT time. The main compounds of essential oil were p‑cymene and myristicin. No highly photosensitizing compounds were identified in the tested root oil. We conclude that MWT of S. hogweed could be an environmentally safe and prospective control method, but more studies are needed.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Microwave treatment of Heracleum sosnowskyi for 2.5–15 min prevented regeneration; regeneration was observed only in non-treated control plants.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyi
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Heracleum sosnowskyit0 - Treatment
- MWT for 2.5–15 mine2
- Outcome
- regeneratione1
- Qualifier
- up to 14 days ATe2
- Comparator
- non-treated plants (control)e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e1“The regeneration of hogweed was observed only in non-treated plants (control)”
e2“Hogweed MWT for 2.5–15 min did not regenerate up to 14 days AT”
Claim · model-written summary
Hogweed MWT for 15.0 min reduced average root weight to about half of the control plants.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Treatment
- MWT for 15.0 mine3
- Outcome
- average weight of rootse3
- Direction
- smallere3
- Value
- ca. two timese3
- Comparator
- control plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e3“The average weight of roots in hogweed MWT for 15.0 min was ca. two times smaller than the control plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Roots of the 15-min MWT hogweed contained significantly higher amounts of sugars and saturated fatty acids than the control.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Treatment
- MWT for 15.0 mine3
- Outcome
- amounts of sugars and saturated fatty acidse4
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e3“The average weight of roots in hogweed MWT for 15.0 min was ca. two times smaller than the control plants”
e4“Those roots contained significantly higher amounts of sugars and saturated fatty acids than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Root essential oil content and composition showed no correlation with MWT time.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Treatment
- MWT timee5
- Outcome
- root essential oil content and compositione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e5“We did not find a correlation between S. hogweed root essential oil content and composition and MWT time”
Claim · model-written summary
The main essential oil compounds of the hogweed roots were p‑cymene and myristicin.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Outcome
- The main compounds of essential oil were p‑cymene and myristicine6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e6“The main compounds of essential oil were p‑cymene and myristicin”
Claim · model-written summary
No highly photosensitizing compounds were identified in the tested root oil.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Outcome
- highly photosensitizing compoundse7
- Qualifier
- tested root oile7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e7“No highly photosensitizing compounds were identified in the tested root oil”
Claim · model-written summary
MWT-treated soils were classified as non-toxic or low-toxic by ecotoxicological biotests.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Outcome
- non-toxic or low-toxice0
- Qualifier
- According to the ecotoxicological biotestse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e0“According to the ecotoxicological biotests, the MWT soils were classified as non-toxic or low-toxic”
Claim · model-written summary
MWT could be an environmentally safe and prospective control method for S. hogweed, but more studies are needed.
- Taxon
- Heracleum sosnowskyiHeracleum sosnowskyit0
- Treatment
- MWTe0
- Outcome
- environmentally safe and prospective control methode0
- Qualifier
- more studies are needede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“microwave controlled Heracleum sosnowskyi (Manden.) roots”
e0“We conclude that MWT of S. hogweed could be an environmentally safe and prospective control method, but more studies are needed”