Abstract
The crop straw returning to the field is a widely accepted method to utilize and remediate huge agricultural waste in a short period. However, the low temperatures and dry conditions of the winter season in Southwest China can be challenging for the biodegradation of crop straw in the field. With a similar aim, we designed a short-term study where rice straw was applied to the field with different concentrations of nitrogen (N) fertilizer while keeping phosphorus (P) constant; CK, (N0P0); T1, (N0P90); T2, (N60P90); T3, (N120P90); and T4, (N180P90) were added to evaluate its impact on straw degradation during cold weather. We found that high fertilization (T4) significantly improved crop yield, organic matter, and lignocellulose degradation under cold temperatures (21.5–3.2 °C). It also significantly improved soil nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen physiological efficiency. The yield was highest in T4 (1690 and 1399 kg/ha), while T3 acted positively on soil lignocellulolytic enzyme activity, which in turn resulted in higher degradation of OM and lignocellulosic material. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus were important variables that had a significant impact on soil EC, bulk density, water holding capacity, and soil enzymes. We found that nitrogen application significantly changed the soil bacterial community by increasing the richness and evenness of lignocellulolytic bacteria, which aided the degradation of straw in a short duration. This study’s finding indicates that the decomposition of crop straw in the field under cold weather stress was dependent on nutrient input, and N, in an appropriate amount (N120-180), was suitable to achieve higher yield and higher decomposition of straw in such an environment.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The highest nitrogen treatment significantly improved crop yield under cold conditions.
- Taxon
- Oilseed Rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napust0 - Treatment
- high fertilization (T4)e0
- Outcome
- crop yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Qualifier
- cold temperatures (21.5–3.2 °C)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“high fertilization (T4) significantly improved crop yield, organic matter, and lignocellulose degradation under cold temperatures (21.5–3.2 °C)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 significantly improved organic matter degradation under cold conditions.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- high fertilization (T4)e0
- Outcome
- organic mattere0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high fertilization (T4) significantly improved crop yield, organic matter, and lignocellulose degradation under cold temperatures (21.5–3.2 °C)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 significantly improved lignocellulose degradation under cold conditions.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- high fertilization (T4)e0
- Outcome
- lignocellulose degradatione0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“high fertilization (T4) significantly improved crop yield, organic matter, and lignocellulose degradation under cold temperatures (21.5–3.2 °C)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 significantly improved soil nitrogen agronomic efficiency.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- high fertilization (T4)e1
- Outcome
- soil nitrogen agronomic efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly improved soil nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen physiological efficiency”
e1“high fertilization (T4)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 significantly improved nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- high fertilization (T4)e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly improved soil nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen physiological efficiency”
e1“high fertilization (T4)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 significantly improved nitrogen physiological efficiency.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- high fertilization (T4)e1
- Outcome
- nitrogen physiological efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also significantly improved soil nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen physiological efficiency”
e1“high fertilization (T4)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T4 produced the highest reported yield, 1690 and 1399 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- T4e0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 1690 and 1399 kg/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield was highest in T4 (1690 and 1399 kg/ha)”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 increased soil lignocellulolytic enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- soil lignocellulolytic enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3 acted positively on soil lignocellulolytic enzyme activity”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
T3 increased organic matter and lignocellulosic material degradation.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- T3e0
- Outcome
- degradation of OM and lignocellulosic materiale0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T3 acted positively on soil lignocellulolytic enzyme activity, which in turn resulted in higher degradation of OM and lignocellulosic material”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil nutrients were significantly associated with soil physical traits and enzymes.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Compound
- total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphoruse0
- Outcome
- soil EC, bulk density, water holding capacity, and soil enzymese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen, and available phosphorus were important variables that had a significant impact on soil EC, bulk density, water holding capacity, and soil enzymes”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased richness of straw-degrading bacteria.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione0
- Interactor
- lignocellulolytic bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- richnesse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen application significantly changed the soil bacterial community by increasing the richness and evenness of lignocellulolytic bacteria”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application significantly increased evenness of straw-degrading bacteria.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione0
- Interactor
- lignocellulolytic bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- evennesse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nitrogen application significantly changed the soil bacterial community by increasing the richness and evenness of lignocellulolytic bacteria”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application helped shorten straw degradation through shifts in lignocellulolytic bacteria.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Treatment
- nitrogen applicatione1
- Interactor
- lignocellulolytic bacteriae0other
- Outcome
- degradation of straw in a short duratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increasing the richness and evenness of lignocellulolytic bacteria, which aided the degradation of straw in a short duration”
e1“nitrogen application”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend N120-180 to increase yield and straw decomposition under cold winter conditions.
- Taxon
- Oilseed RapeBrassica napust0
- Outcome
- N, in an appropriate amount (N120-180), was suitable to achieve higher yield and higher decomposition of strawe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, in an appropriate amount (N120-180), was suitable to achieve higher yield and higher decomposition of straw in such an environment”
t0“Oilseed Rape”
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