Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites mainly found in the plant order Brassicales. We critically evaluate reports of GSLs in other orders of flowering plants, propose standards for future reports and subject two cases to rigorous testing. Reports of GSLs in non-Brassicales species should live up to state-of-the-art scientific standards concerning chemical evidence, botanical evidence and biological replication. Occurrence of GSLs in the family Putranjivaceae, order Malpighiales (genera Putranjiva and Drypetes) was reasonably supported, but state-of-the-art confirmation was required. Hence, the taxonomic identity of Putranjiva roxbughii seeds with the previously known GSL profile was confirmed using DNA-based methods. Similarly, good suggestive evidence exist from the family Violaceae, order Malpighiales, but in need of confirmation. No other report of any GSL in a non-Brassicales species meet the proposed scientific standards, but suggestive evidence exists for the family Phytolaccaceae, order Caryophyllales and to a lesser extent family Celastraceae, order Celastrales. A recent report of a GSL in a tropical plant suggested to be a species in the order Sapindales was subjected to a rigorous testing in terms of chemical analysis, biological replication and botanical identification including DNA sequencing. We confirmed the original report concerning chemical structure and reproducibility but revised the botanical identification to a species from the Brassicales order (family Capparidaceae). Hence this paper also reports myrosinase activity, isothiocyanate-type GSL products from roots and stems, and GSL profile of roots, stems, leaves and fruits of Capparis sepiaria L., dominated by Leu-derived 2-methylpropyl GSL in vegetative parts, Val-derived 1-methylethyl GSL and Ile-derived 1-methylpropyl GSL in fruits, and additionally Trp-derived indol-3-ylmethyl GSL and 4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSL in immature fruits. Several other GSLs were searched for and conclusively not found above the limit of detection.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Reports of glucosinolates in Putranjivaceae were reasonably supported but need confirmation.
- Taxon
- PutranjivaceaePutranjivaceaee0
- Outcome
- Occurrence of GSLse0
- Qualifier
- state-of-the-art confirmation was requirede0
Verbatim
e0“Occurrence of GSLs in the family Putranjivaceae, order Malpighiales (genera Putranjiva and Drypetes) was reasonably supported, but state-of-the-art confirmation was required”
Claim · model-written summary
DNA methods confirmed the identity of Putranjiva roxbughii seeds with the known glucosinolate profile.
Verbatim
e0“the taxonomic identity of Putranjiva roxbughii seeds with the previously known GSL profile was confirmed using DNA-based methods”
Claim · model-written summary
Evidence for glucosinolates in Violaceae was suggestive but needs confirmation.
Verbatim
e0“good suggestive evidence exist from the family Violaceae, order Malpighiales, but in need of confirmation”
Claim · model-written summary
No other non-Brassicales glucosinolate report met the proposed standards.
Verbatim
e0“No other report of any GSL in a non-Brassicales species meet the proposed scientific standards”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucosinolate evidence was suggestive for Phytolaccaceae.
- Taxon
- PhytolaccaceaePhytolaccaceaee0
- Outcome
- suggestive evidencee0
Verbatim
e0“suggestive evidence exists for the family Phytolaccaceae, order Caryophyllales”
Claim · model-written summary
Glucosinolate evidence was weaker for Celastraceae.
- Taxon
- CelastraceaeCelastraceaee0
- Outcome
- suggestive evidencee1
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente0
Verbatim
e0“to a lesser extent family Celastraceae, order Celastrales”
e1“suggestive evidence exists”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical structure and reproducibility of a reported glucosinolate were confirmed.
- Taxon
- CapparidaceaeCapparaceaee1
- Outcome
- chemical structure and reproducibilitye0
Verbatim
e0“We confirmed the original report concerning chemical structure and reproducibility”
e1“a species from the Brassicales order (family Capparidaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
The plant behind that report was reidentified as a Brassicales species in Capparidaceae.
- Taxon
- CapparidaceaeCapparaceaee0
- Outcome
- botanical identificatione0
Verbatim
e0“revised the botanical identification to a species from the Brassicales order (family Capparidaceae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Myrosinase activity was reported in Capparis sepiaria.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.
Capparis sepiariae0 - Outcome
- myrosinase activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this paper also reports myrosinase activity, isothiocyanate-type GSL products from roots and stems, and GSL profile of roots, stems, leaves and fruits of Capparis sepiaria L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Isothiocyanate type glucosinolate products were reported from Capparis roots and stems.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae0
- Organ / stage
- roots and stemse0
- Outcome
- isothiocyanate-type GSL productse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“isothiocyanate-type GSL products from roots and stems, and GSL profile of roots, stems, leaves and fruits of Capparis sepiaria L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Leu-derived 2-methylpropyl GSL dominated vegetative parts of Capparis sepiaria.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae0
- Organ / stage
- vegetative partse0
- Outcome
- Leu-derived 2-methylpropyl GSLe0
- Direction
- dominatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Capparis sepiaria L., dominated by Leu-derived 2-methylpropyl GSL in vegetative parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Val-derived 1-methylethyl GSL dominated Capparis fruits.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae1
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- Val-derived 1-methylethyl GSLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Val-derived 1-methylethyl GSL and Ile-derived 1-methylpropyl GSL in fruits”
e1“fruits of Capparis sepiaria L., dominated by Leu-derived 2-methylpropyl GSL in vegetative parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Ile-derived 1-methylpropyl GSL dominated Capparis fruits.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae1
- Organ / stage
- fruitse0
- Outcome
- Ile-derived 1-methylpropyl GSLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Val-derived 1-methylethyl GSL and Ile-derived 1-methylpropyl GSL in fruits”
e1“fruits of Capparis sepiaria L., dominated by Leu-derived 2-methylpropyl GSL in vegetative parts”
Claim · model-written summary
Trp-derived indol-3-ylmethyl GSL was additionally present in immature Capparis fruits.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae1
- Organ / stage
- immature fruitse0
- Outcome
- Trp-derived indol-3-ylmethyl GSLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trp-derived indol-3-ylmethyl GSL and 4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSL in immature fruits”
e1“Capparis sepiaria L.”
Claim · model-written summary
4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSL was additionally present in immature Capparis fruits.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae1
- Organ / stage
- immature fruitse0
- Outcome
- 4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSLe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trp-derived indol-3-ylmethyl GSL and 4-hydroxyindol-3-ylmethyl GSL in immature fruits”
e1“Capparis sepiaria L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Several other glucosinolates were absent above the detection limit.
- Taxon
- Capparis sepiaria L.Capparis sepiariae1
- Outcome
- Several other GSLse0
- Qualifier
- above the limit of detectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Several other GSLs were searched for and conclusively not found above the limit of detection”
e1“Capparis sepiaria L.”