Abstract
n this work we studied the flavonoid composition of tangerine skins using 10 kinds of tangerines from various producers. The tangerine skins were peeled from fruit purchased from the market in Belgorod and dried at room temperature outside direct sunlight. The compositions of “green” ethanol-based extraction solutions and the “weighed portion of plant material: volume of extraction solution” ratios were chosen for extraction to ensure a high yield of flavonoids. For separation, reverse-phase HPLC on the Kromasil 100-5C18 stationary phase was used in environmentally friendly mobile phase compositions that contained ethanol as an organic modifier. In gradient elution mode all mobile phases contained 0.2 vol. % orthophosphoric acid. To assign extract components, we used samples of a number of substances and parameters of electronic absorption spectra in comparison with published data. It was found that the chromatographic profiles of the extracts of the studied samples were noticeably different. A number of the least lipophilic compounds, derivatives of cinnamic acids, were found in all extracts. After that, we discovered two flavanone glycosides, the main of which was hesperidin (hesperitin-7-rutinoside) with a content of is 26.0-39.9 mg per 1 g of dried raw material, and naringin (naringenin-7-neohesperidiside) in significantly smaller quantities, from 0 to 1.15 mg per 1 g. But of greatest interest were polymethoxylated flavones, among which the main component was nobiletin (5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone) with a content from 0.03 to almost 11 mg/g in dried peel and tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4′-pentamethoxyflavone), found in slightly smaller quantities, 0.1-5.4 mg/g. It was established that nobiletin and tangeretin were mostly accumulated in the skins of small tangerines. On the whole, tangerine skin is a great source of highly biologically active flavonoids, so its processing is an important task for the food industry.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Chromatographic profiles differed among tangerine samples.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulata
.jpg?width=60)
Citrus reticulatat0 - Outcome
- chromatographic profilese0
- Direction
- noticeably differente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“chromatographic profiles of the extracts of the studied samples were noticeably different”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic-acid derivatives were found in all extracts.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulataCitrus reticulatat0
- Outcome
- derivatives of cinnamic acidse0
- Qualifier
- all extractse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“derivatives of cinnamic acids, were found in all extracts”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Hesperidin content was 26.0-39.9 mg per 1 g of dried material.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulataCitrus reticulatat0
- Outcome
- hesperidin (hesperitin-7-rutinoside) with a contente0
- Value
- 26.0-39.9 mg per 1 g of dried raw materiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hesperidin (hesperitin-7-rutinoside) with a content of is 26.0-39.9 mg per 1 g of dried raw material”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Naringin content ranged from 0 to 1.15 mg per 1 g.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulataCitrus reticulatat0
- Outcome
- naringin (naringenin-7-neohesperidiside)e0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 0 to 1.15 mg per 1 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“naringin (naringenin-7-neohesperidiside) in significantly smaller quantities, from 0 to 1.15 mg per 1 g”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Nobiletin content ranged from 0.03 to almost 11 mg/g in dried peel.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulataCitrus reticulatat0
- Organ / stage
- dried peele0
- Outcome
- nobiletin (5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone)e0
- Value
- 0.03 to almost 11 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nobiletin (5,6,7,8,3′,4′-hexamethoxyflavone) with a content from 0.03 to almost 11 mg/g in dried peel”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Tangeretin content was 0.1-5.4 mg/g.
- Taxon
- Citrus reticulataCitrus reticulatat0
- Outcome
- tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4′-pentamethoxyflavone)e0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Value
- 0.1-5.4 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tangeretin (5,6,7,8,4′-pentamethoxyflavone), found in slightly smaller quantities, 0.1-5.4 mg/g”
t0“Citrus reticulata”
Claim · model-written summary
Nobiletin and tangeretin accumulated mostly in small tangerine skins.
- Taxon
- tangerinesCitrus reticulatae0
- Organ / stage
- skins of small tangerinese0
- Outcome
- nobiletin and tangeretine0
- Direction
- mostly accumulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nobiletin and tangeretin were mostly accumulated in the skins of small tangerines”