Abstract
BACKGROUND: Kale, a versatile cruciferous crop, valued for its pro-health benefits, stress resistance, and potential applications in forage and cosmetics, holds promise for further enhancement of its bioactive compounds through in vitro cultivation methods. Micropropagation techniques use cytokinins (CKs) which are characterized by various proliferative efficiency. Despite the extensive knowledge regarding CKs, there remains a gap in understanding their role in the physiological mechanisms. That is why, here we investigated the effects of three CKs - kinetin (Kin), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) - on kale physiology, antioxidant status, steroidal metabolism, and membrane integrity under in vitro cultivation. RESULTS: Our study revealed that while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency. Heightened metabolic activity in response to all CKs was reflected by increased respiratory rate. Despite the differential burst of ROS, the antioxidant properties of kale were associated with the upregulation of guaiacol peroxidase and the scavenging properties of ascorbate rather than glutathione. Notably, CKs fostered the synthesis of sterols, particularly sitosterol, pivotal for cell proliferation and structure of membranes which are strongly disrupted under the action of BAP and 2iP possibly via pathway related to phospholipase D and lipoxygenase which were upregulated. Intriguingly, both CKs treatment spurred the accumulation of sitostenone, known for its ROS scavenging and therapeutic potential. The differential effects of CKs on brassicasterol levels and brassinosteroid (BRs) receptor suggest potential interactions between CKs and BRs. CONCLUSION: Based on the presented results we conclude that the effect evoked by BAP and 2iP in vitro can improve the industrial significance of kale because this treatment makes possible to control proliferation and/or biosynthesis routes of valuable beneficial compounds. Our work offers significant insights into the nuanced effects of CKs on kale physiology and metabolism, illuminating potential avenues for their application in plant biotechnology and medicinal research.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
BAP stimulated kale shoot proliferation.
- Taxon
- kale
Brassica oleracea var. viridist0 - Treatment
- BAPe0
- Outcome
- shoot proliferatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP diminished kale pigment levels.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- BAPe0
- Outcome
- pigment levelse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP diminished kale photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- BAPe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
2iP stimulated kale shoot proliferation.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- 2iPe0
- Outcome
- shoot proliferatione0
- Direction
- stimulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
2iP diminished kale pigment levels.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- 2iPe0
- Outcome
- pigment levelse0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
2iP diminished kale photosynthetic efficiency.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- 2iPe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic efficiencye0
- Direction
- diminishede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while BAP and 2iP stimulated shoot proliferation, they concurrently diminished pigment levels and photosynthetic efficiency”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
All cytokinins increased kale respiratory rate.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- all CKse0
- Outcome
- respiratory ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Heightened metabolic activity in response to all CKs was reflected by increased respiratory rate”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale antioxidant properties were associated with guaiacol peroxidase upregulation.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Gene
- guaiacol peroxidasee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant propertiese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the antioxidant properties of kale were associated with the upregulation of guaiacol peroxidase and the scavenging properties of ascorbate rather than glutathione”
Claim · model-written summary
Kale antioxidant properties were associated with ascorbate scavenging rather than glutathione.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridise0
- Compound
- ascorbatee0
- Outcome
- antioxidant propertiese0
- Comparator
- glutathionee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the antioxidant properties of kale were associated with the upregulation of guaiacol peroxidase and the scavenging properties of ascorbate rather than glutathione”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinins promoted kale sterol synthesis, particularly sitosterol.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- CKse0
- Outcome
- synthesis of sterols, particularly sitosterole0
- Direction
- fosterede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CKs fostered the synthesis of sterols, particularly sitosterol”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
BAP strongly disrupted kale membranes, possibly through a pathway involving phospholipase D and lipoxygenase.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- BAPe0
- Gene
- phospholipase De0
- Outcome
- membranese0
- Direction
- disruptede0
- Qualifier
- possiblye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“membranes which are strongly disrupted under the action of BAP and 2iP possibly via pathway related to phospholipase D and lipoxygenase which were upregulated”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
2iP strongly disrupted kale membranes, possibly through a pathway involving phospholipase D and lipoxygenase.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- 2iPe0
- Gene
- phospholipase De0
- Outcome
- membranese0
- Direction
- disruptede0
- Qualifier
- possiblye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“membranes which are strongly disrupted under the action of BAP and 2iP possibly via pathway related to phospholipase D and lipoxygenase which were upregulated”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Phospholipase D and lipoxygenase were upregulated in kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Gene
- phospholipase D and lipoxygenasee0
- Outcome
- phospholipase D and lipoxygenasee0
- Direction
- upregulatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phospholipase D and lipoxygenase which were upregulated”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Both cytokinins promoted sitostenone accumulation in kale.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- both CKs treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of sitostenonee0
- Direction
- spurrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both CKs treatment spurred the accumulation of sitostenone”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinins had differential effects on kale brassicasterol levels.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- CKse0
- Outcome
- brassicasterol levelse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differential effects of CKs on brassicasterol levels and brassinosteroid (BRs) receptor suggest potential interactions between CKs and BRs”
t0“kale”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytokinins had differential effects on the kale brassinosteroid receptor.
- Taxon
- kaleBrassica oleracea var. viridist0
- Treatment
- CKse0
- Outcome
- brassinosteroid (BRs) receptore0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The differential effects of CKs on brassicasterol levels and brassinosteroid (BRs) receptor suggest potential interactions between CKs and BRs”
t0“kale”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.