Abstract
The use of artificial fertilizers follows the intensification of agricultural production as a consequence of population growth, which leads to soil depletion, loss of organic matter, and pollution of the environment and production. This can be overcome by increasing the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture. In the present study, we investigated the effect of using vermicompost, biochar, mineral fertilizer, a combination of vermicompost and mineral fertilizer, and an untreated control on alluvial-meadow soil on the development of fodder winter barley Hordeum vulgare L., Zemela cultivar. We used a randomized complete block design of four replications per treatment. Barley grain yield, number of plants, and soil and microbiological parameters were studied. We found statistically proven highest grain yield and grain protein values when applying vermicompost alone, followed by the combined treatment and mineral fertilizer. The total organic carbon was increased by 70.2% in the case of vermicompost and by 44% in the case of combined treatment, both compared to the control. Thus, soil microbiome activity and enzyme activities were higher in vermicompost treatment, where the activity of β-glucosidase was 29.4% higher in respect to the control, 37.5% to the mineral fertilizer, and 24.5% to the combined treatments. In conclusion, our study found the best overall performance of vermicompost compared to the rest of the soil amendments.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost alone gave the highest barley grain yield.
- Taxon
- Barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- vermicompost alonee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- combined treatment and mineral fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“We found statistically proven highest grain yield and grain protein values when applying vermicompost alone, followed by the combined treatment and mineral fertilizer.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost alone gave the highest barley grain protein values.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicompost alonee0
- Outcome
- grain protein valuese0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- combined treatment and mineral fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We found statistically proven highest grain yield and grain protein values when applying vermicompost alone, followed by the combined treatment and mineral fertilizer.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost raised soil total organic carbon by 70.2% versus control.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicomposte0
- Outcome
- total organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 70.2%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total organic carbon was increased by 70.2% in the case of vermicompost and by 44% in the case of combined treatment, both compared to the control.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilization raised soil total organic carbon by 44% versus control.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente0
- Outcome
- total organic carbone0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 44%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total organic carbon was increased by 70.2% in the case of vermicompost and by 44% in the case of combined treatment, both compared to the control.”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil microbiome activity was higher with vermicompost.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil microbiome activitye0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, soil microbiome activity and enzyme activities were higher in vermicompost treatment”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil enzyme activities were higher with vermicompost.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmente0
- Outcome
- enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Thus, soil microbiome activity and enzyme activities were higher in vermicompost treatment”
t0“Barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased β-glucosidase activity by 29.4% versus control.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmente1
- Outcome
- activity of β-glucosidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 29.4%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of β-glucosidase was 29.4% higher in respect to the control, 37.5% to the mineral fertilizer, and 24.5% to the combined treatments.”
t0“Barley”
e1“vermicompost treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased β-glucosidase activity by 37.5% versus mineral fertilizer.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmente1
- Outcome
- activity of β-glucosidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 37.5%e0
- Comparator
- mineral fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of β-glucosidase was 29.4% higher in respect to the control, 37.5% to the mineral fertilizer, and 24.5% to the combined treatments.”
t0“Barley”
e1“vermicompost treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost increased β-glucosidase activity by 24.5% versus combined treatment.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- vermicompost treatmente1
- Outcome
- activity of β-glucosidasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 24.5%e0
- Comparator
- combined treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of β-glucosidase was 29.4% higher in respect to the control, 37.5% to the mineral fertilizer, and 24.5% to the combined treatments.”
t0“Barley”
e1“vermicompost treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors judged vermicompost to have the best overall performance among amendments.
- Taxon
- BarleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- best overall performance of vermicomposte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“our study found the best overall performance of vermicompost compared to the rest of the soil amendments.”
t0“Barley”
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