Abstract
Water deficit severely limits plant growth especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops. It is usually grown in water limited environment due to its moderate biological tolerance towards water stress. Interestingly,sunflower growth was improved in water deficit conditions using a plant growth promoter i.e. melatonin. Seeds were primed for 12 hours with melatonin (0, 50, 75, 100 µM) and these plants were later exposed to water limited environment (100 and 50 %). Results showed that reduced water conditions negatively affected various parameters such as leaf area, plant height, leaf number, achene weight/plant, capitulum weight, leaf total soluble sugars, catalase activity, anthocyanin, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid and cinnamic acid. The seed oil content also showed reduction of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio. Specifically, almost all levels of melatonin applications improved growth (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, plant height), yield (achene weight/plant, number of achenes/capitulum) and leaf metabolites (total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid) of stressed plants. The primed sunflowers exhibited enhanced leaf catalase activity, metabolizable energy and tissue nutritive value. The following phenolic profiles were observed: caffeic acid 100, syringic acid 100, p-coumaric 100, m-coumaric 9.8 and ferulic acid 100 % increased under 100 % water irrigations. Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction. The unsaturation to saturation ratio of fatty acids was also better in the melatonin (100 µM) primed plants. Unprimed plants gave 47.0, while the primed plant exhibited 58.1 unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio. Moving forward, the application of 100 µM melatonin delivered better antioxidant protection and nutraceutical value of sunflower plants under water deficit along with enhanced yield.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Caffeic acid was increased under full irrigation (100)
- Taxon
- Sunflower
Helianthus annuuse1 - Outcome
- caffeic acide6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 100e6
- Qualifier
- under 100 % water irrigationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e6“The following phenolic profiles were observed: caffeic acid 100, syringic acid 100, p-coumaric 100, m-coumaric 9.8 and ferulic acid 100 % increased under 100 % water irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
Syringic acid was increased under full irrigation (100)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- syringic acide6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 100e6
- Qualifier
- under 100 % water irrigationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e6“The following phenolic profiles were observed: caffeic acid 100, syringic acid 100, p-coumaric 100, m-coumaric 9.8 and ferulic acid 100 % increased under 100 % water irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
p-Coumaric acid was increased under full irrigation (100)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- p-coumarice6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 100e6
- Qualifier
- under 100 % water irrigationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e6“The following phenolic profiles were observed: caffeic acid 100, syringic acid 100, p-coumaric 100, m-coumaric 9.8 and ferulic acid 100 % increased under 100 % water irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
m-Coumaric acid was increased under full irrigation (9.8)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- m-coumarice6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 9.8e6
- Qualifier
- under 100 % water irrigationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e6“The following phenolic profiles were observed: caffeic acid 100, syringic acid 100, p-coumaric 100, m-coumaric 9.8 and ferulic acid 100 % increased under 100 % water irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
Ferulic acid was increased under full irrigation (100 %)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- ferulic acide6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 100 %e6
- Qualifier
- under 100 % water irrigationse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e6“The following phenolic profiles were observed: caffeic acid 100, syringic acid 100, p-coumaric 100, m-coumaric 9.8 and ferulic acid 100 % increased under 100 % water irrigations”
Claim · model-written summary
Quercetin showed a proportional reduction (4.7%)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- quercetine7
- Direction
- proportional % reductione7
- Value
- 4.7e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e7“Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Gallic acid showed a proportional reduction (76.2%)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- gallic acide7
- Direction
- proportional % reductione7
- Value
- 76.2e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e7“Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Vanillic acid showed a proportional reduction (34.0%)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- vanillic acide7
- Direction
- proportional % reductione7
- Value
- 34.0e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e7“Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Benzoic acid showed a proportional reduction (334.5%)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- benzoic acide7
- Direction
- proportional % reductione7
- Value
- 334.5e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e7“Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Cinnamic acid showed a proportional reduction (0.6%)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- cinnamice7
- Direction
- proportional % reductione7
- Value
- 0.6e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e7“Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Sinapic acid showed a proportional reduction (22.5%)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- sinapic acide7
- Direction
- proportional % reductione7
- Value
- 22.5e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e7“Whereas, quercetin (4.7), gallic acid (76.2), vanillic acid (34.0), benzoic acid (334.5), cinnamic (0.6), sinapic acid (22.5) exhibited proportional % reduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, growth, yield and leaf biochemical traits were reduced
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- reduced water conditionse2
- Outcome
- leaf area, plant height, leaf number, achene weight/plant, capitulum weight, leaf total soluble sugars, catalase activity, anthocyanin, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid and cinnamic acide2
- Direction
- negatively affectede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e2“reduced water conditions negatively affected various parameters such as leaf area, plant height, leaf number, achene weight/plant, capitulum weight, leaf total soluble sugars, catalase activity, anthocyanin, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, chlorogenic acid and cinnamic acid”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed oil unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio was reduced
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Outcome
- unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratioe4
- Direction
- reductione4
- Qualifier
- seed oil contente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e4“The seed oil content also showed reduction of unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin priming improved leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight and plant height of stressed plants
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- melatonin applicationse3
- Outcome
- leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, plant heighte3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- stressed plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e3“Specifically, almost all levels of melatonin applications improved growth (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, plant height), yield (achene weight/plant, number of achenes/capitulum) and leaf metabolites (total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid) of stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin applications improved achene weight per plant and number of achenes per capitulum of stressed plants
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- melatonin applicationse3
- Outcome
- achene weight/plant, number of achenes/capitulume3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- stressed plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e3“Specifically, almost all levels of melatonin applications improved growth (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, plant height), yield (achene weight/plant, number of achenes/capitulum) and leaf metabolites (total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid) of stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin applications improved total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins and quercetin of stressed plants
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- melatonin applicationse3
- Outcome
- total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins, quercetine3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- stressed plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e3“Specifically, almost all levels of melatonin applications improved growth (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, plant height), yield (achene weight/plant, number of achenes/capitulum) and leaf metabolites (total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid) of stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin applications improved gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid and sinapic acid of stressed plants
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- melatonin applicationse3
- Outcome
- gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acide3
- Direction
- improvede3
- Comparator
- stressed plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e3“Specifically, almost all levels of melatonin applications improved growth (leaf area, leaf fresh and dry weight, plant height), yield (achene weight/plant, number of achenes/capitulum) and leaf metabolites (total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars, proline, total phenolics, anthocyanins, quercetin, gallic acid, vanillic acid, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid) of stressed plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Primed sunflowers showed enhanced leaf catalase activity, metabolizable energy and tissue nutritive value
- Taxon
- sunflowers
Helianthuse5 - Treatment
- primede5
- Outcome
- leaf catalase activity, metabolizable energy and tissue nutritive valuee5
- Direction
- enhancede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e5“The primed sunflowers exhibited enhanced leaf catalase activity, metabolizable energy and tissue nutritive value”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin (100 µM) priming gave a better unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio (58.1) than unprimed plants (47.0)
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
- Treatment
- melatonin (100 µM)e2
- Outcome
- unsaturation to saturation ratio of fatty acidse2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Value
- 58.1e3
- Comparator
- Unprimed plantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e2“The unsaturation to saturation ratio of fatty acids was also better in the melatonin (100 µM) primed plants”
e3“Unprimed plants gave 47.0, while the primed plant exhibited 58.1 unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 100 µM melatonin application for better antioxidant protection and nutraceutical value of sunflower under water deficit
- Taxon
- sunflower plantsHelianthus annuuse2
- Treatment
- application of 100 µM melatonine2
- Outcome
- antioxidant protection and nutraceutical valuee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sunflower is one of the economically important oil producing crops”
e2“Moving forward, the application of 100 µM melatonin delivered better antioxidant protection and nutraceutical value of sunflower plants under water deficit along with enhanced yield”
The same questions in other papers
melatonin · growth · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.