Abstract
ABSTRACT The sustainability of global agriculture at higher productivity level is a concern owing to climate change, serious environmental footprints, dipping factor productivity and shrinking availability of natural resources, especially. The situation is worsening in the ‘Food Bowl of India’—Indo‐Gangetic plains (IGP) by several amalgamated factors, such as declining groundwater, unpredictable precipitation owing to climate change and cultivation of heavy water duty crops. To neutralise these issues, a field experiment was executed for the period 2019–2021 to assess the efficacy of indigenous hydrogels (P‐hydrogel and Superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118) and their application methods viz., seed treatment, slurry application and soil application on crop yield and water productivity, soil moisture dynamics and profitability in a soybean–wheat cropping system under irrigation and rainfed conditions. In both study years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021), due to higher seed germination percentage, irrigation application together with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 improved system productivity by 8.1%–26.7% and system water productivity by 17.6%–33.8% over control. Wheat grain yield was enhanced by 8.0% (2019–2020) to 32.2% (2020–2021) due to superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 hydrogel with 10 cm lesser use of irrigation water compared with control (no‐hydrogel). Soil moisture content in 0–15 cm soil layer was also found higher by 1.8%–2.4% in superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 and P‐hydrogel slurry‐applied plots. Therefore, higher gross profitability (31.8%), net profitability (89.8%) and B:C (26.9%) in wheat could be attributed to increased crop yields when seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118. Therefore, the utilisation of modified hydrogel application, in the form of seed treatment (seed coating) and slurry application has demonstrated improvement in seed germination, crop yield and water productivity and made soybean–wheat cultivation more economical. This approach presents a feasible solution to achieving a viable production system of soybean and wheat crops by reducing irrigation amounts in the IGP of India, as well as other comparable ecological places worldwide.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118 improved soybean–wheat system productivity by 8.1%–26.7% over control in both study years.
- Taxon
- Soybean–Wheat
Glycine max
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation application together with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118e1
- Outcome
- system productivitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 8.1%–26.7%e1
- Qualifier
- In both study years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In both study years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021), due to higher seed germination percentage, irrigation application together with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 improved system productivity by 8.1%–26.7% and system water productivity by 17.6%–33.8% over control”
t0“Soybean–Wheat System”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118 improved soybean–wheat system water productivity by 17.6%–33.8% over control in both study years.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation application together with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118e1
- Outcome
- system water productivitye1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 17.6%–33.8%e1
- Qualifier
- In both study years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021)e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“In both study years (2019–2020 and 2020–2021), due to higher seed germination percentage, irrigation application together with seed treatment and slurry application of superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 improved system productivity by 8.1%–26.7% and system water productivity by 17.6%–33.8% over control”
t0“Soybean–Wheat System”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat grain yield was enhanced by 8.0% (2019–2020) to 32.2% (2020–2021) with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118 and 10 cm less irrigation water than the no-hydrogel control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 hydrogele2
- Outcome
- grain yielde2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Value
- 8.0% (2019–2020) to 32.2% (2020–2021)e2
- Qualifier
- with 10 cm lesser use of irrigation watere2
- Comparator
- control (no‐hydrogel)e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Wheat grain yield was enhanced by 8.0% (2019–2020) to 32.2% (2020–2021) due to superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 hydrogel with 10 cm lesser use of irrigation water compared with control (no‐hydrogel)”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture in the 0–15 cm layer was higher by 1.8%–2.4% in plots with slurry-applied superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118 and P-hydrogel.
- Taxon
- Soybean–WheatGlycine maxTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 and P‐hydrogel slurry‐applied plotse3
- Outcome
- Soil moisture contente3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 1.8%–2.4%e3
- Qualifier
- 0–15 cm soil layere3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Soil moisture content in 0–15 cm soil layer was also found higher by 1.8%–2.4% in superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118 and P‐hydrogel slurry‐applied plots”
t0“Soybean–Wheat System”
Claim · model-written summary
Gross profitability in wheat was 31.8% higher, attributed by the authors to increased crop yields when seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118e4
- Outcome
- gross profitabilitye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 31.8%e4
- Qualifier
- could be attributed to increased crop yieldse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Therefore, higher gross profitability (31.8%), net profitability (89.8%) and B:C (26.9%) in wheat could be attributed to increased crop yields when seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118”
t0“Soybean–Wheat System”
Claim · model-written summary
Net profitability in wheat was 89.8% higher with seed treatment with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118e4
- Outcome
- net profitabilitye4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 89.8%e4
- Qualifier
- could be attributed to increased crop yieldse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Therefore, higher gross profitability (31.8%), net profitability (89.8%) and B:C (26.9%) in wheat could be attributed to increased crop yields when seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118”
t0“Soybean–Wheat System”
Claim · model-written summary
Benefit-cost ratio in wheat was 26.9% higher with seed treatment with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel-1118.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume4
- Treatment
- seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118e4
- Outcome
- B:Ce4
- Direction
- highere4
- Value
- 26.9%e4
- Qualifier
- could be attributed to increased crop yieldse4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Therefore, higher gross profitability (31.8%), net profitability (89.8%) and B:C (26.9%) in wheat could be attributed to increased crop yields when seeds were treated with superabsorbent polymer hydrogel‐1118”
t0“Soybean–Wheat System”
Claim · model-written summary
Modified hydrogel application (seed coating and slurry) is presented as a feasible route to a viable soybean and wheat production system in the IGP of India that reduces irrigation.
- Taxon
- soybean and wheat cropsGlycine maxTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- reducing irrigation amountse5
- Outcome
- a viable production systeme5
- Setting
- IGP of Indiae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“This approach presents a feasible solution to achieving a viable production system of soybean and wheat crops by reducing irrigation amounts in the IGP of India”
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