Abstract
In India, zinc (Zn) has been recognized as the fourth most important yield-limiting nutrient after nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Supplementing the zinc (Zn) requirement of agricultural crops through water soluble zinc sulfate ZnSO4 fertilizer is a costly management option whereas, utilization of ZnO (water insoluble and a cheaper material) as a source of Zn could be an alternative cost effective option to encourage farmers for wider adoption. In this present investigation, in order to supply the requisite amount of Zn to the plants, a protocol has been developed to coat the seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) with microns scale (<3 µm) and nano-scale (<100 nm) ZnO powder at 25 mg Zn/g seed and at 50 mg Zn/g seed. Different Zn sources, ethyl alcohol, and crude pine oleoresin (POR) were used for coating of seeds. The germination test carried out with coated and uncoated seeds indicated better germination percentage (93–100%) due to ZnO coating as compared to uncoated seeds (80%). Pot culture experiment conducted with coated seeds also revealed that the crop growth with ZnO coated seeds were similar to that observed with soluble Zn treatment applied as zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O) (at 2.5 ppm Zn) which is evident from the periodic SPAD reading taken after 20, 25, 30 and 45 days after sowing. Application of Zn through different sources also enhanced the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in plant roots, which subsequently improved the overall growth. The most important advantage of seed coating with ZnO (both micron/nano-scale) is that it did not exert any osmotic potential at the time of germination of the seed, thus, the total requirement of Zn of the crop can be loaded with the seed effectively through nano-scale ZnO particle.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Seed coating with ZnO raised germination percentage to 93–100%, compared with 80% for uncoated seeds.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)
Cajanus cajan
Glycine max
Zea mays.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentuse2 - Treatment
- ZnO coatinge1
- Outcome
- germination percentagee1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Value
- 93–100%e1
- Comparator
- uncoated seedse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e2“seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e1“The germination test carried out with coated and uncoated seeds indicated better germination percentage (93–100%) due to ZnO coating as compared to uncoated seeds (80%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pot-grown plants from ZnO-coated seeds grew similarly to plants given soluble zinc sulfate.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)Cajanus cajanGlycine maxZea maysAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Treatment
- ZnO coated seedse3
- Outcome
- crop growthe3
- Direction
- similare3
- Comparator
- soluble Zn treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e3“the crop growth with ZnO coated seeds were similar to that observed with soluble Zn treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc applied through different sources increased IAA production in plant roots.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)Cajanus cajanGlycine maxZea maysAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Organ / stage
- plant rootse4
- Treatment
- Application of Zn through different sourcese4
- Outcome
- auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) productione4
- Direction
- enhancede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e4“Application of Zn through different sources also enhanced the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in plant roots, which subsequently improved the overall growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc-induced IAA production is asserted to subsequently improve overall plant growth.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)Cajanus cajanGlycine maxZea maysAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Compound
- auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)e4
- Outcome
- overall growthe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e4“Application of Zn through different sources also enhanced the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production in plant roots, which subsequently improved the overall growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed coating with ZnO exerted no osmotic potential at germination.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)Cajanus cajanGlycine maxZea maysAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Treatment
- seed coating with ZnO (both micron/nano-scale)e5
- Outcome
- osmotic potential at the time of germination of the seede5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e5“seed coating with ZnO (both micron/nano-scale) is that it did not exert any osmotic potential at the time of germination of the seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Nano-scale ZnO seed coating can effectively load the total Zn requirement of the crop.
- Taxon
- maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)Cajanus cajanGlycine maxZea maysAbelmoschus esculentuse2
- Treatment
- nano-scale ZnO particlee6
- Outcome
- total requirement of Zn of the crope6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“seeds of maize (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan L.) and ladies finger (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)”
e6“the total requirement of Zn of the crop can be loaded with the seed effectively through nano-scale ZnO particle”
The same questions in other papers
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- negative
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zinc atom · physiology: hormones · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
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zinc oxide · growth · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 5 papers →seed treatment · physiology: water · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Positive and negative results
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seed treatment · physiology: water · Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)Positive and negative results
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8 of 16 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.