Abstract
The Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) is a white-backed planthopper (WBPH) that causes “hopper burn” in rice, resulting in severe yield loss. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a well-known neurotransmitter that inhibits neurotransmission in insects by binding to specific receptors. In this study, we investigated the potential role of GABA in modulating rice resistance to WBPH and evaluated possible defense mechanisms. The experiment was conducted in green house in pots consist of four groups: control, GABA-treated, WBPH-infested, and WBPH-infested treated with GABA. Among the various tested concentration of GABA, 15 mM GABA was applied as a single treatment in water. The treatment was administered one week before WBPH infestation. The results revealed that 15 mM GABA treatment strongly increased WBPH resistance. A plate-based assay indicated that direct application of 15 mM GABA increased the mortality rate of WBPH and increased the damage recovery rate in rice plants. We found that GABA treatment increased the activation of antioxidant enzymes and reduced the reactive oxygen species content and malondialdehyde contents, and reduced the damage rate caused by WBPH. Interestingly, GABA-supplemented plants infested with WBPH exhibited increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression levels. GABA induced the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced the stomata closure and reduced leaf vessels to reduce water conductance during WBPH stress. Furthermore, we found that GABA application to the plant induced the expression of Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes ( LOX , AOS , AOC , and OPR ) and melatonin biosynthesis-related genes ( TDC , T5H , ASMT , and SNAT ). Our study suggested that GABA increases resistance against WBPH infestation by regulating antioxidant defense system, TCA cycle regulation, phytohormonal signaling, and PR gene regulation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
15 mM GABA increased resistance to WBPH.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 15 mM GABA treatmente0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- WBPH resistancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“15 mM GABA treatment strongly increased WBPH resistance”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct GABA application increased WBPH mortality.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- direct application of 15 mM GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- mortality rate of WBPHe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct application of 15 mM GABA increased the mortality rate of WBPH”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct GABA application increased rice damage recovery.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- direct application of 15 mM GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- damage recovery rate in rice plantse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct application of 15 mM GABA increased the mortality rate of WBPH and increased the damage recovery rate in rice plants”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased antioxidant enzyme activation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA treatmente0
- Outcome
- activation of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA treatment increased the activation of antioxidant enzymes”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA reduced reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde contents.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species content and malondialdehyde contentse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the reactive oxygen species content and malondialdehyde contents”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA reduced WBPH-caused damage rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe1
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- damage rate caused by WBPHe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the damage rate caused by WBPH”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase expression in infested plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA-supplementede0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-supplemented plants infested with WBPH exhibited increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression levels”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased PR gene expression in infested plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA-supplementede0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Gene
- pathogenesis-related (PR) genese0
- Outcome
- pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA-supplemented plants infested with WBPH exhibited increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and pathogenesis-related (PR) genes expression levels”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA caused ABA and SA accumulation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- accumulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA induced the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA enhanced stomatal closure.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Outcome
- stomata closuree0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA induced the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) and enhanced the stomata closure”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA reduced leaf vessels and water conductance under WBPH stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe1
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- leaf vessels to reduce water conductancee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced leaf vessels to reduce water conductance during WBPH stress”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA induced expression of JA biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA applicatione0
- Gene
- LOX , AOS , AOC , and OPRe0
- Outcome
- expression of Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA application to the plant induced the expression of Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes ( LOX , AOS , AOC , and OPR )”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA induced expression of melatonin biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABA applicatione0
- Gene
- TDC , T5H , ASMT , and SNATe0
- Outcome
- melatonin biosynthesis-related genese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA application to the plant induced the expression of Jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis genes ( LOX , AOS , AOC , and OPR ) and melatonin biosynthesis-related genes ( TDC , T5H , ASMT , and SNAT )”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed GABA resistance to antioxidant defense, TCA cycle, hormones and PR genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- resistance against WBPH infestatione0
- Qualifier
- regulating antioxidant defense system, TCA cycle regulation, phytohormonal signaling, and PR gene regulatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA increases resistance against WBPH infestation by regulating antioxidant defense system, TCA cycle regulation, phytohormonal signaling, and PR gene regulation”
t0“rice”
e1“15 mM GABA treatment”
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