Abstract
This study investigates the impact of exogenous calcium and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation on rice growth and stress tolerance under white-backed planthopper (WBPH) infestation. We evaluated several phenotypic traits, including shoot/root length, leaf width, tiller number, panicle length, and relative water content, alongside physiological markers such as oxidative stress indicators, antioxidant enzymes activities, hormonal levels, and amino acids biosynthesis. Our results indicate that WBPH stress significantly reduces growth parameters but calcium and GABA supplementation markedly enhance shoot length (by 26% and 36%) and root length (by 38% and 64%), respectively, compared to WBPH-infested plants. Both supplementations also reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased H2O2 and O2•− levels and a lower electrolyte leakage. Notably, calcium and GABA treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activities, with GABA boosting catalase (CAT) activity by 800%, peroxidase (POD) by 144%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 62% under WBPH stress. Additionally, calcium and GABA enhanced the accumulation of stress hormones (abscisic acid ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) and promoted stomatal closure, contributing to improved water conservation. This study reveals that calcium regulates the GABA shunt pathway, significantly increasing GABA and succinate levels in both root and shoot. Furthermore, calcium and GABA supplementation enhance the biosynthesis of key amino acids and improve ion homeostasis, particularly elevating calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) levels under WBPH stress. Overall, this study highlights the potential of exogenous calcium and GABA as effective strategies for enhancing rice plant tolerance to WBPH infestation by modulating various physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the underlying mechanisms of action.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
WBPH stress significantly reduced rice growth parameters.
- Taxon
- Rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- growth parameterse0
- Direction
- reducese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WBPH stress significantly reduces growth parameters”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased shoot length by 26% in infested rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 26%e0
- Comparator
- WBPH-infested plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA supplementation markedly enhance shoot length (by 26% and 36%) and root length (by 38% and 64%), respectively, compared to WBPH-infested plants”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased shoot length by 36% in infested rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- shoot lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 36%e0
- Comparator
- WBPH-infested plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA supplementation markedly enhance shoot length (by 26% and 36%) and root length (by 38% and 64%), respectively, compared to WBPH-infested plants”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased root length by 38% in infested rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 38%e0
- Comparator
- WBPH-infested plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA supplementation markedly enhance shoot length (by 26% and 36%) and root length (by 38% and 64%), respectively, compared to WBPH-infested plants”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased root length by 64% in infested rice.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Value
- 64%e0
- Comparator
- WBPH-infested plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA supplementation markedly enhance shoot length (by 26% and 36%) and root length (by 38% and 64%), respectively, compared to WBPH-infested plants”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased antioxidant enzyme activities under WBPH stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Interactor
- WBPHe1pest
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA treatments increased antioxidant enzyme activities”
e1“superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 62% under WBPH stress”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased catalase activity by 800% under WBPH stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- boostinge0
- Value
- 800%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA boosting catalase (CAT) activity by 800%, peroxidase (POD) by 144%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 62% under WBPH stress”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased peroxidase activity by 144% under WBPH stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POD)e0
- Direction
- boostinge0
- Value
- 144%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA boosting catalase (CAT) activity by 800%, peroxidase (POD) by 144%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 62% under WBPH stress”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased superoxide dismutase activity by 62% under WBPH stress.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- boostinge0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GABA boosting catalase (CAT) activity by 800%, peroxidase (POD) by 144%, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 62% under WBPH stress”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased ABA and SA accumulation under WBPH infestation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Interactor
- WBPHt1pest
- Outcome
- accumulation of stress hormones (abscisic acid ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA enhanced the accumulation of stress hormones (abscisic acid ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“Rice”
t1“WBPH Infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA increased ABA and SA accumulation under WBPH infestation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHt1pest
- Outcome
- accumulation of stress hormones (abscisic acid ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA enhanced the accumulation of stress hormones (abscisic acid ABA) and salicylic acid (SA)”
t0“Rice”
t1“WBPH Infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium and GABA promoted stomatal closure under WBPH infestation.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- WBPHt1pest
- Outcome
- stomatal closuree0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA enhanced the accumulation of stress hormones (abscisic acid ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) and promoted stomatal closure”
t0“Rice”
t1“WBPH Infestation”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium increased GABA and succinate in roots and shoots.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Outcome
- GABA and succinate levelse0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Qualifier
- GABA shunt pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium regulates the GABA shunt pathway, significantly increasing GABA and succinate levels in both root and shoot”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium supplementation enhanced key amino acid biosynthesis and ion levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- calciume0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of key amino acidse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA supplementation enhance the biosynthesis of key amino acids and improve ion homeostasis, particularly elevating calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) levels under WBPH stress”
t0“Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
GABA supplementation enhanced key amino acid biosynthesis and ion levels.
- Taxon
- RiceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- GABAe0
- Interactor
- WBPHe0pest
- Outcome
- biosynthesis of key amino acidse0
- Direction
- enhancee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“calcium and GABA supplementation enhance the biosynthesis of key amino acids and improve ion homeostasis, particularly elevating calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) levels under WBPH stress”
t0“Rice”
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